num	urok	texto
[001]	My Wonderful Family	I live in a house near the mountains. I have two brothers and one sister, and I was born last. My father teaches mathematics, and my mother is a nurse at a big hospital. My brothers are very smart and work hard in school. My sister is a nervous girl, but she is very kind. My grandmother also lives with us. She came from Italy when I was two years old. She has grown old, but she is still very strong. She cooks the best food! My family is very important to me. We do lots of things together. My brothers and I like to go on long walks in the mountains. My sister likes to cook with my grandmother. On the weekends we all play board games together. We laugh and always have a good time. I love my family very much.
[002]	My day	First, I wake up. Then, I get dressed. I walk to school. I do not ride a bike. I do not ride the bus. I like to go to school. It rains. I do not like rain. I eat lunch. I eat a sandwich and an apple.I play outside. I like to play. I read a book. I like to read books. I walk home. I do not like walking home. My mother cooks soup for dinner. The soup is hot. Then, I go to bed. I do not like to go to bed.
[003]	My family at home	My family lives in a small house. It’s simple but pretty. It has a large garden. I like to work in the garden but my sister hates to work in the garden. She prefers to read. She reads in the morning, in the afternoon and at night. I give all of the vegetables to mom and dad. They like to cook in our small kitchen. I eat any vegetable but my sister eats only a few. My family always eats breakfast and dinner together. We talk. We laugh. Then my sister washes the dishes. At night dad likes to listen to music. Mom works on the computer. I watch television. And my sister reads. Soon we go to bed. My parents go to bed late but my sister and I go to bed early. I’m ready to go to sleep but my sister wants to keep reading.
[004]	The House	Mr. and Mrs. Smith have one son and one daughter. The son's name is John. The daughter's name is Sarah.The Smiths live in a house. They have a living room. They watch TV in the living room. The father cooks food in the kitchen. They eat in the dining room. The house has two bedrooms. They sleep in the bedrooms. They keep their clothes in the closet. There is one bathroom. They brush their teeth in the bathroom.The house has a garden. John and Sarah play in the garden. They have a dog. John and Sarah like to play with the dog.
[005]	A typical daily routine	Many people have a daily routine. I wake up early in the morning, usually at 7 o'clock. First, I wash my face and brush my teeth. Then, I eat breakfast. Sometimes I have bread, sometimes I eat fruit. After breakfast, I go to work or school. I travel by bus or walk, and I always say hello to my friends or colleagues. In the afternoon, I have lunch and continue with my work or studies. After I finish, I go home. In the evening, I cook dinner or eat with my family. After dinner, I watch TV or read a book. Before bed, I take a shower and prepare for the next day. I go to sleep at 10 o'clock. This is my daily routine.
[006]	Books and Toys are Fun	Reading books is fun. I really enjoy reading at night. At night, my dad likes to read to me. My sister and I also read a book before bed after my dad reads. I like to read books about cars and trucks. I have a lot of books about cars and trucks. I also have toy cars and toy trucks. Sometimes my sister likes to play with my cars and trucks. We play with them around our home. Pushing the cars and making car noises is fun. My sister likes to read books about animals. She really likes mice. My sister is only two years old. She likes mice because she is little, and mice are little too.
[007]	Driving in the Car	When I drive in the car with my mom, I like to listen to music. Sometimes she will play my favorite songs. When I sit in the car, I buckle my seat belt. My seat belt holds me in my seat. It helps me to be safe. My mom and I like to look out the windows when she drives. Sometimes we will drive by farms. When we drive by farms, I like to look out the window for cows. Cows are animals. Cows are white and black. They are also very big. Cows make milk. Milk is something that I like to drink. Milk is also white.
[008]	Introducing a Classmate	Today, I went to school and met my new classmates. “Hello,” my teacher said to the class. “This is Jacob. He is a new student at our school.” My classmates all said, “Hi, Jacob.” Then, I sat down next to two other students. “Hi,” one of them said. “My name is Jennifer. How are you?” “I am good. How are you, Jennifer?” I asked. “Not bad,” she told me. “This is my friend Ned.” “Hi, Ned,” I said to the other student. “How are you?” Ned smiled. “I am good. Welcome to our class, Jacob!” “Welcome to our class,” Jennifer said too.
[009]	My favorite stuffed Animal	One of my favorite toys is a stuffed animal. A stuffed animal is a soft toy. My favorite stuffed animal is my bear. I have had my bear for a long time. My bear is black and brown. These are dark colors. My bear also has dark eyes. He is small, but he is fun to play with. Sometimes I like to throw my bear at my sister. She likes to throw my bear at me too. Sometimes I pretend the bear can talk. I like to pretend my stuffed animals can talk. My sister and I will pretend that our stuffed animals talk to each other.
[010]	My House	My house has a lot of rooms. It has a dining room where we eat food. My house also has a living room. My family watches TV in the living room. I sleep in my bedroom where my bed, clothes, and shoes are. My parents, brother, and sister each have their own bedroom. I have two bathrooms in my house too. One bathroom is big and the other bathroom is small. Out of all the rooms in my house, we like the kitchen the most. It is where we make food and talk with each other. My house is my favorite place to be.
[011]	New Car	The Jones family’s car was 10 years old, and it sometimes would not start. They needed a new car. They went to look at cars and see which one they liked best. Bella wanted the green car because that is her favorite color. John wanted the white car because it had a movie screen for the back seat. Mom wanted the blue car because it had soft seats. Dad wanted the black car because it was easy to drive. They went home and talked. After talking, Bella and John and Mom told Dad that the family should get the black car. Being easy to drive is more important than color or soft seats or a movie screen.
[012]	One cat and two dogs	I have three pets. One pet is a cat. My one cat likes to sleep a lot. I have two more pets. Those two pets are dogs. The two dogs run a lot. They like to play a lot too. Both dogs are a lot busier than the one cat. My oldest dog has brown fur. He is seven years old. My other dog is one. He has black and white fur. The two dogs sometimes play with another dog. Then there are three dogs. The back yard is busy with three dogs. My cat likes to be alone. It does not want to play with other cats. I don’t know why it is like that. My one cat and two dogs make me happy.
[013]	Playing Soccer with my Friend	Rick is my best friend. We like to play together every day. Yesterday Rick came over to my house, and we played soccer in my yard. Rick scored two goals on me, and I scored three goals on him. Rick is faster than I am. I can kick harder than Rick. Rick’s soccer ball is white and green. Rick has been playing soccer for two years. I have been playing soccer for three years. Rick’s dad taught him how to play soccer. His dad played soccer when he was younger and is very good. Next year Rick and I are going to play soccer on a team. We are really excited to play on the same team together.
[014]	Sarah’s School Schedule	Sarah is a college student. She is studying biology because she wants to be a doctor. This is her first year at college. She is taking six classes. Every Monday and Wednesday morning, she attends a biology lecture with 300 other students. After class, she goes to the library to study with her friends. On Monday afternoons, she works at a coffee shop at school. On Wednesday afternoons, she has history class. In the evenings, she likes to exercise at her school’s gym, and sometimes she goes running with her best friend. She lives at home with her mother, father and little sister. Sometimes her father drives her to school, but sometimes she takes the bus.
[015]	At school	Lucas goes to school every day of the week. He has many subjects to go to each school day: English, art, science, mathematics, gym, and history. His mother packs a big backpack full of books and lunch for Lucas. His first class is English, and he likes that teacher very much. His English teacher says that he is a good pupil, which Lucas knows means that she thinks he is a good student. His next class is art. He draws on paper with crayons and pencils and sometimes uses a ruler. Lucas likes art. It is his favorite class. His third class is science. This class is very hard for Lucas to figure out, but he gets to work with his classmates a lot, which he likes to do. His friend, Kyle, works with Lucas in science class, and they have fun. Then Lucas gets his break for lunch. He sits with Kyle while he eats. The principal, or the headmaster as some call him, likes to walk around and talk to students during lunch to check that they are all behaving. The next class is mathematics, which most of the students just call math. Kyle has trouble getting a good grade in mathematics, but the teacher is very nice and helpful. His fourth class is gym. It is just exercising. History is his last class of the day. Lucas has a hard time staying awake. Many lessons are boring, and he is very tired after doing gym.
[016]	Going to a restaurant	Sandra and Paul are at a steak restaurant. A waiter greets them. "Do you know what you would like to drink?" the waiter asks. “Water and orange juice,” Sandra says. "Thank you. Here are your menus," the waiter says. The waiter brings water for Paul and orange juice for Sandra. "What would you like to order?" the waiter asks. "I would like a 12-ounce steak and mashed potatoes," Paul says. "The same thing, but with green beans," Sandra says. "And two orders of garlic bread," Paul says. "Great. You should have it in soon," the waiter says. The waiter returns after an hour. “Sorry for your wait. Here are two orders of 12-ounce steaks with mashed potatoes and garlic bread,” the waiter says. "I asked for green beans with mine," Sandra says. "I'm sorry, I’ll get those for you," the waiter says. The waiter quickly returns with Sandra's green beans.
[017]	My morning routine	My name is Bob. Each day I drive my kids to school. My daughter goes to a school that’s far from our house. It takes 30 minutes to get there. Then I drive my son to his school. It’s close to my job. My daughter is in the sixth grade and my son is in the second. They are both good students. My daughter usually sings her favorite songs while I drive. My son usually sleeps. I arrive at the office at 8:30 AM. I say good morning to all my workmates then I get a big cup of hot coffee. I turn on my computer and read my email. Some days I have a lot to read. Soon I need another cup of coffee.
[018]	My name is John	Hi! Nice to meet you! My name is John Smith. I am 19 and a student in college. I go to college in New York. My favorite courses are Geometry, French, and History. English is my hardest course. My professors are very friendly and smart. It’s my second year in college now. I love it!I live in a big house on Ivy Street. It’s near the college campus. I share the house with three other students. Their names are Bill, Tony, and Paul. We help each other with homework. On the weekend, we play football together.I have a younger brother. He just started high school. He is 14 and lives with my parents. They live on Mulberry Street in Boston. Sometimes they visit me in New York. I am happy when they visit. My Mom always brings me sweets and candy when they come. I really miss them, too!
[019]	Our Vacation	Every year we go to Florida. We like to go to the beach.My favorite beach is called Emerson Beach. It is very long, with soft sand and palm trees. It is very beautiful. I like to make sandcastles and watch the sailboats go by. Sometimes there are dolphins and whales in the water!Every morning we look for shells in the sand. I found fifteen big shells last year. I put them in a special place in my room. This year I want to learn to surf. It is hard to surf, but so much fun! My sister is a good surfer. She says that she can teach me. I hope I can do it!
[020]	The city where I live	My name is Clark, and I will tell you about my city.I live in an apartment. In my city, there is a post office where people mail letters. On Monday, I go to work. I work at the post office. Everyone shops for food at the grocery store. They also eat at the restaurant. The restaurant serves pizza and ice cream.My friends and I go to the park. We like to play soccer at the park. On Fridays, we go to the cinema to see a movie. Children don't go to school on the weekend. Each day, people go to the hospital when they are sick. The doctors and nurses take care of them. The police keep everyone safe. I am happy to live in my city.
[021]	A Friendly Hello	“Hello. How are you?” I heard a voice say. I turned around to see my friend. I said, “Hi. It is nice to see you.” Bob said, “Where are you going?” “I am going to the park.” “Can I join you?” asked Bob. I replied, “Yes!” Bob and I walked to the park. At the park, we ran. We played hide and seek too. I was hiding when another voice said, “Hello, there.” There were two more friends. Amy and Anne were swinging. I replied, “Hey, Amy and Anne.” The four of us played hide and seek. Bob, Amy, and Anne made my time at the park fun. We had so much fun. We played for hours.
[022]	Amy and School	Amy didn’t want to go to school. Her best friend was sick and she was worried she wouldn’t have anyone to sit by at lunch. She decided to pretend she was sick, so she stayed in bed when her dad called her to come eat breakfast. When Amy didn’t come down for breakfast, her dad went to her room to make sure she was awake. When he saw that she was awake but not answering, he started to get angry. Then he saw that Amy looked sad. Amy told her dad she had a stomachache, so he asked about her symptoms and felt her forehead to see if she had a fever. Her forehead didn’t feel hot. Amy’s dad knew that her best friend wouldn’t be in school, so he asked if this was the real reason she didn’t want to go to school. Amy started to cry and said yes. Her dad hugged her and said he understood how hard it was but that maybe she could try to sit by someone new. He said maybe it wouldn’t be as bad as she thought. Finally, Amy decided to go to school. She found a new friend that day and was glad that she had listened to her dad.
[023]	Asking a Neighbor for Help	Cody was building a new fence all day outside. He was almost done when his hammer broke. Cody decided to ask his neighbor Gary if he had a hammer he could borrow to finish. Cody knocked on Gary’s door and waited. “Hey Cody,” Gary said when he answered the door. “How are you?” “Not bad. Yourself?” Cody answered. “Good!” Gary said. “I see you have a big project going on over there. The fence looks great.” Cody smiled. “Thank you. I am almost done, but my hammer broke. Do you have one I can borrow?” “I sure do,” Gary said. Cody followed Gary into the garage. Gary gave Cody a hammer to borrow. “Thank you,” Cody said. “I really appreciate it. I’ll have it back to you soon.” “Keep it as long as you need,” Gary said with a smile.
[024]	Baseball	It is easy to learn how to play baseball, so children as young as five can start to play. It is hard for some children to hit the ball if it is thrown to them, so someone puts the ball on a tee (a stick with a place for the ball), and the child hits it from there. There are four bases in baseball: first, second, third, and home. When you hit the ball, you run to first base. If no one has caught the ball, you can keep running. If you can, you want to run all the way to home base. If you do, you have scored a run. Baseball scores are usually low, so if you score a run, you have really helped your team.
[025]	Buying Ice Cream	“Hello,” the ice cream server said. “What can I get for you today?” David looked in the glass case at all of the ice cream flavors. There were many colors and flavors to choose from. There was dark brown chocolate, white vanilla, and orange sherbert. David liked the sweet flavors, like chocolate and vanilla, better than the sour flavors like orange. There was a lot to pick from, but David knew exactly what he wanted. “I would like strawberry please,” he told the server. “Do you want that in a cone or bowl?” “A cone, please,” David answered. The server had one more question before he could get David’s ice cream ready. “Do you want one scoop or two?” Again, David knew exactly what he wanted. “Two please.” The server gave David his ice cream, and then he paid $5.35. He sat outside in the hot sun and ate his strawberry ice cream before it melted away.
[026]	Camping in the Summer	Camping is a fun activity to do in the summer. In the summer, it is not cold at night. Summer is the best time to sleep outside. When people go camping, they sleep outside in a tent. Many people like to go camping in the forest. They walk through the forest until they find a good place to camp. They set up a tent. They use sticks and branches to make a campfire. It is fun to sit around a campfire with friends. People tell stories while they sit around a campfire. They use the campfire to make food. Hot dogs and S'mores are good foods to make at the campfire. When it is time to sleep, people will go into the tent.
[027]	Characteristics of a Great Equestrian	An equestrian is a person who loves horses and knows a lot about them. To be a great equestrian, you have to spend a lot of time studying horses and breeds of horses and learning how to ride. There are different styles of riding too. I began learning everything I could about horses when I was still very little. I was only four the first time I rode a horse bareback. It was both scary and exciting. I loved seeing everything around me from up high on a horse. I knew right then and there that I wanted to know everything about horses. As I got older, I learned the word "equestrian" and what it meant. I was dedicated to becoming the greatest equestrian I could be. If you want to know anything about horses you could always ask me.
[028]	Climbing Trees with my Friends	When I get home from school, I like to go outside and climb trees with my friends. Some of the trees are hard to climb. They are hard to climb because they are small and thin. The trees that are easy to climb have big trunks. The trunk is the bottom of the tree. After we put our feet on the bottom of the tree, we reach for a branch. We pull ourselves up onto the tree by using the branch. When I get up into the tree, I like to pull off the leaves. When I pull them off, I let them fall. I like to watch the leaves fall to the ground.
[029]	Eating an Orange	When my mom goes to the store, she always brings home oranges. Oranges are a fruit. Oranges taste good. I look forward to my mom coming home from the store. When she gets home, we will share an orange. My mom cuts the orange. When she cuts the orange, she uses a knife. I will not use the knife because it is sharp. When we eat the orange, my mom tells me to take out the seeds first. The seeds are small and white. The seeds are also hard. If I chew on one, it may hurt me. I also need to be careful not to choke on the seeds.
[030]	Enjoying a picnic in the local park	In many cities across the USA, people enjoy spending their free time in local parks. Parks are big open spaces with grass, trees, flowers, and sometimes lakes or playgrounds. Having a picnic is a simple and fun way to relax. Families or friends can bring a blanket and a basket of food to share. They might bring sandwiches, fruit, and drinks like juice or water. Eating outside makes a simple meal feel special, and being in nature is good for your mood. Children may play ball or run around, while adults talk or read a book. On weekends, parks in the USA can be busy with many people enjoying the fresh air. Some parks have tables and benches for picnics, or grills where people cook food outside. You can also see people walking their pets or riding bicycles. It is important to throw away trash and keep the park clean for everyone. Having a picnic in the park is a great way to enjoy time together, meet new people, and appreciate the beauty of the outdoors.
[031]	Feeding the Geese	Sometimes my family and I will go to a pond near our home. In the pond are fish that swim in the water. Geese like to swim on top of the water. I like to watch the baby geese learn how to walk. It is hard for them to walk because their legs are not strong. When we go to the pond, we bring corn with us. Corn is a good food to feed geese. This helps them grow. Sometimes it can be hard for the geese to find food, so we like to help them. It is fun feeding them because they will all swim toward us to eat.
[032]	Fishing	I went fishing Saturday. The weather was nice. It was not too hot and not too cold. I fished for two hours before I caught a fish. That was fine with me. I liked to sit there in the nice weather and look at the lake. The fish I caught was a little one. I took it off the hook and fished for two hours more. I did not catch another fish. I was hungry, so I went home and cooked the fish. It was little, but it was good. I had bread and corn with it, so I was not hungry anymore.
[033]	Foods we like to eat	I like to eat food. Food tastes good. I really like hamburgers because I like meat and cheese. Sometimes I put ketchup on my hamburger. I do not like to put mustard on my hamburger. I also enjoy eating cake. Some of my favorite cakes are chocolate cake and vanilla cake. I like to eat cake with ice cream and a glass of milk. I try to make sure I finish my dinner before I eat cake. My son really likes to eat peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. These sandwiches are his favorite. They taste really good to him. When we eat peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, he can eat a lot.
[034]	Going to School	Every day before I go to school, I get on the school bus. The school bus is yellow and very big. When I get on the school bus, I see Ted, the school bus driver. He drives the school bus every day. After I get on the school bus, I like to find a seat in the back of the bus. My friends usually sit in the back of the bus. We like to look out the window at houses and cars. While my friends and I are on the bus, we trade food items from our lunch. I usually trade my crackers for Jim’s apples. Jim likes to trade his chocolate for Bob’s muffins.
[035]	Going to the Library	The child, Anthony, liked going to the library. His family went once every week. Near the picture books, there were tables with four puzzles. After Anthony completed each one, he would move on to the checkerboard. Sometimes, his brother would play with him. Today, his brother was too busy to play checkers. Anthony played checkers against himself. The black pieces won over the red pieces. Then, his mother was there, asking him if he had found any books to check out. Anthony had been so busy with the puzzles and checkers that he had not found any books to bring home and read. He and his mother found some books about tractors on farms. It had been a good trip.
[036]	Going to the Store	Tyler's mom asked him to go to the store. She was out of sugar and flour, and she wanted to make pancakes for breakfast the next morning. He loved pancakes, especially blueberry pancakes, so he was happy to go. He asked if she needed blueberries. She said no; she had some. He walked to the store. He did not ride his bike because the store was only a block away. Also, if he rode his bike, it would be harder to carry the food. It was a little cold outside, so he wore a jacket. When Tyler got to the store, he found the sugar and flour quickly. They were on the same shelf. He paid for them and walked home, thinking about blueberry pancakes.
[037]	Hannah Goes Grocery Shopping	On Mondays, Hannah likes to do her grocery shopping. Before she goes to the store, Hannah always drinks a cup of tea. She drives to the store in her car at six o'clock in the evening. The store is about one mile away from Hannah's house. Hannah always buys coffee, apples, chicken, eggs, cereal, and bread when she is at the store. After she is done shopping, Hannah likes to put her groceries in the cabinet and in the refrigerator at home. She keeps all of her food neat and organized. After the food is put away, Hannah likes to cook some soup and relax with her cat Mittens. When the soup is ready to eat, Hannah puts on her favorite television show. The show is about a cat and a dog who are best friends. Mittens likes the show too!
[038]	Hello, Everyone	I walked into the room. There were my new co-workers. Most of them had been working here for a long time. I said, “My name is Juan.” I was starting a new job. Many of them replied, “Hi, Juan.” Lucy said, “My name is Lucy.” “Hi, Lucy,” I replied. A really tall man came over. “My name is Pedro.” “Hi, Pedro,” I said. I looked up. He is so tall. I walked over to another man. “What is your name?” I asked. “My name is Henry.” He was very loud. “Hi, Henry. My name is Juan.” “Hello, Juan.” Last, Tom said hi. The introductions went on for a while. I met a lot of new people at work. I hope I can remember their names.
[039]	Helping friends in need	It's important to help your friends when they are in need. If your friend is sad or upset, you can listen to them and offer support. Sometimes, just being there and listening can make a big difference. You can also help by doing small things. For example, if your friend is having a bad day, you can share your snacks with them or tell them a funny story to make them smile. Helping friends also means supporting them in their goals. If your friend is trying to do something new, like learning a new skill, you can encourage them. Be positive and tell them that you believe in them. If they need help practicing, offer to help. Helping each other makes your friendship stronger and shows that you care about each other.
[040]	Hotel Problems	„This is the front desk. How may I help you?“ April said, “The water in my room is not working.“ „What do you mean it is not working?“ „There is no water at the sink. The shower is broken too,“ stated April. „Ok. We will send someone to your room. What is your room number?“ „711…. Thank you,“ said April. „One more thing.“ “Yes?“ „Can you give me a 6 AM wake up call?“ „Yes, I can.“ “Thank you, sir. What is your name?“ „My name is Matt. My pleasure, miss. Phil or June will be there soon to check the water.“ „Great!“
[041]	How families celebrate Christmas together	For many families, Christmas is a time to be together and share joyful moments. On Christmas Eve or Christmas Day, relatives often gather at someone’s home. There is usually a special meal prepared with foods that everyone loves. After eating, families might exchange gifts, play games, or watch Christmas movies. Children are often very excited, especially when they see presents under the tree. The youngest ones may believe that Santa Claus visited during the night and left gifts for them. Spending Christmas together is more than just eating and giving gifts. Families enjoy telling stories, laughing, and remembering past holidays. Sometimes, they listen to music, sing songs, or even go outside to play in the snow if the weather is cold. For many people, the best part of Christmas is simply being close to loved ones and creating happy memories to remember all year long.
[042]	How to introduce yourself to new classmates	When you start in a new class, you meet many new people. It is important to introduce yourself. First, smile and say "Hello." You can say, "My name is Anna. I am from Spain." You can also share small facts, like "I like football" or "I have one sister." This helps others get to know you. If you want to make friends, you can ask questions too. For example, "What is your name?" or "Where are you from?" People are happy when you show interest in them. Remember to listen and answer politely. Introducing yourself is the first step to making friends and feeling comfortable in class.
[043]	How to use simple maps and directions	Finding your way in a new city can be difficult, but maps can help. If you have a paper map or use your phone, you first look for your location. Most maps have a symbol to show “You are here.” To go somewhere, find the street name or place you want to visit. You can then look for a line or path to get there. If you do not understand the map, you can ask someone for help. You can say, “Excuse me, how do I get to the park?” People will often explain, “Go straight and turn left at the bank,” or “It’s next to the supermarket.” Listen carefully and repeat the directions to remember them. Maps and asking for directions can help you visit new places easily and safely.
[044]	In the Bar	The bar was noisy and crowded, but Mike was looking forward to a fun night out with his friend Will. Both men sat down at a table at the back and a waitress quickly came to them. “What can I get you to drink tonight?” she asked Mike. “I’ll take a beer please.” Then the waitress looked at Will. “Same for you?” Will shook his head. “No, I’m driving. Can I have a lemonade instead please?” “No problem. I’ll bring those right out.” Mike handed the waitress his debit card. “Would you like to open a tab?” she asked him. “Yes, please.” The waitress smiled and walked away to get their drinks.
[045]	Independence Day	In America, Independence Day is on July 4th. Sometimes Independence Day is called the 4th of July. On the 4th of July, families and friends like to spend time together. They celebrate by cooking a lot of food and eating it together. People often eat hamburgers and hot dogs. After they eat a large meal, they celebrate by lighting fireworks. The fireworks look pretty in the sky. Some of them sound very loud. Other fireworks make a lot of light. Children do not light the fireworks. Adults light the fireworks. People usually wait to light their fireworks until it is dark outside.
[046]	Introducing a Colleague	It was Greg’s first day at work. He was really nervous. When he walked into the first meeting, there were a lot of people. “Hi,” he said to everyone. “My name is Greg.” Greg’s colleagues all stood up and greeted him. “Hi,” one man said. “My name is John.” John shook Greg’s hand. Greg smiled and then shook hands with someone else. “My name is Linda,” another colleague said. Linda turned to the man standing next her. “And this is Daniel,” Linda said. “He works downstairs.” Greg shook Daniel’s hand. “Hi, Daniel,” he said. “I will work downstairs too.” “It is nice to meet you all,” Greg said to everyone in the meeting.
[047]	It is a rainy Day	It is raining a lot today. When it rains, water falls from the clouds in the sky. I do not like it when it rains. When it rains, my parents won’t let me go outside and play. When it rains, it also gets muddy outside. Sometimes I will look out my window and watch the rain. When I go outside with my parents in the rain, we need to put on our jackets. We also bring umbrellas when it rains. Umbrellas help us to stay dry. My mom and dad will hold the umbrella over my sister and I in the rain. This keeps us from getting wet.
[048]	It is a snowy Day	I love it when it snows. It doesn’t snow often. It only snows at my house during the winter. During the winter, it gets really cold. Sometimes when it gets really cold, it begins to snow. Today it has been snowing. When it snows, I like to look out my window. I look at the small snowflakes that fall from the sky. These snowflakes land on the ground. After a little while, the ground turns white because of the snow. After this, I go outside with my family and build snowmen. Snowmen are people we make out of the snow. After that, my dad will get our sled. We use the sled to slide down hills on the snow.
[049]	It is a sunny Day	Today it is very sunny. I really like sunny days. When it is sunny outside, it is also very hot. When it is sunny outside, I like to wear a t-shirt. T-shirts help me to stay cool on hot days. My mom and dad also tell me to drink water when it is really hot outside When it is sunny outside, my family and I like to go on walks. We like to take walks in the woods. This is nice because the trees block the sun. As we walk through the woods, we like to eat ice cream. Ice cream is a cold food that helps us to stay cool when it is hot outside.
[050]	Judy learns to play Guitar	When she turned 12-years-old, Judy's mother gave her a guitar as a birthday present. The guitar was pink and had six strings. Every Tuesday, Judy would take guitar lessons with her guitar teacher Martha. Judy loved to write new songs on her guitar. Over the summer vacation, Judy wrote a song called "Whiskers." The song was about her cat Whiskers. In the autumn, Judy wrote a song called "Fido." This song was about her dog Fido. Every evening, Judy would play guitar from six o'clock until seven o'clock. Then she would put away her guitar in her closet. Judy's dream was to one day study music at a university and to perform with her guitar at concerts. Then everyone could hear her songs!
[051]	Let´s go!	„Sally, have you packed yet?“ asked my mom. „Not yet,“ I replied. „You need enough clothes for three nights. Teresa, Bobby, and I already did.“ „Okay,“ I said. I went to my room. I got a suitcase. I put a dress, a pair of jeans, and a shirt in it. Then I found two shirts. I asked Mom, „What type of shoes do I need?“ Mom said, „Take something comfortable.“ I picked some shoes and filled my suitcase with all the other needed items. „Did you get your toothbrush?“ „No, Mom. I forgot.“ I answered. „Go get it!. We are leaving in a few minutes.“ I decided to check my suitcase just in case.
[052]	Making a Sandwich	Making a sandwich is easy to do. First, make sure you wash your hands. Second, you need to get two pieces of bread. Third, you put slices of turkey on the bread. Some people like to put slices of ham on their bread. You can use turkey or ham. Fourth, you put on a slice of cheese. Fifth, you wash and cut a tomato. Then put a slice of the tomato on your cheese. Sixth, you put on some lettuce. You want to make sure to wash the lettuce before you put it on your sandwich. Finally, when you are done, put the pieces of bread together. Then your sandwich is ready to eat.
[053]	Making Cookies with my Family	Making cookies with my family is fun. We like to make cookies once a week. Last time, we made chocolate chip cookies. When we make cookies, my mom, dad, and sister make them with me. We like to eat chocolate chips while we make the cookies. My sister and I like to put sugar and flour in the bowl. Sometimes we help my mom mix what is in the bowl. My dad gets the cups and spoons that we need to help us make the cookies. My dad turns on the oven, and my mom puts the cookies in the oven. Sometimes we like to look inside the oven to watch the cookies bake.
[054]	Making Pizza with my Family	Today I am going to make pizza with my mom. I like to make pizza with my mom. Pizza is a food that tastes good. My brother is going to help us make pizza. When we make pizza, we make the dough first. After that, we spread out the dough. Then we put sauce on top of the dough. Next we put cheese on top. Finally, we put on pepperoni. My mom turns on the oven. My brother and I do not turn on the oven. The oven is hot and can cook the pizza. After twenty minutes, the pizza is done.
[055]	Making Tacos with my Family	My family and I like to eat tacos. They taste really good. My dad makes the best tacos. Sometimes my brother and I will help my dad make tacos. My dad cooks the beef. My brother and I do not because the stove is hot. Then my dad cuts the lettuce and the tomatoes. My dad puts the beef into the taco shells. My brother and I like to put the cheese in after that. The cheese melts after we put it in because the beef is hot. My brother and I like to help put the lettuce and tomatoes in too. I can only eat one taco. My brother can eat two tacos.
[056]	Moving to a new City	I moved to a new city. I moved all of my things into my new house yesterday. I rented a large truck to help me move all my things. I brought my bed, my sofa, my chairs, my rugs, and my tables. I brought my clothes, my books, my bookshelves, and my plants. My new house has a refrigerator and a dishwasher. On my street, there are many other houses. When I arrived at my new house, my neighbors said, "Hello!" I met some of my neighbors. Jacob and Julie live next door. They have two children. Martha lives across the street. She is an older woman. I am happy to be in a new city, in a new house.
[057]	Music and Musical Instruments	Do you like music? Music is very important to many people. People feel emotions when they listen to music. Music can make people laugh, cry, and remember the past. People love to listen to love songs. Love songs are probably the most popular songs. You can listen to music on the radio or on the computer. You can go to a concert to watch musicians play music on a stage. You can make your own music with musical instruments. The guitar is a musical instrument that you can carry with you anywhere. The harmonica is small, too. The piano is a large musical instrument that has to stay at home. The drums are loud. The violin can make sad music. It can be difficult to learn to play a musical instrument, but when you do, you can play all types of songs.
[058]	My city	My city isn’t a bad city however it’s nothing to get too excited about either. Because it’s a quiet city with very little crime lots of people move here to start families. There are plenty of schools and several parks. There are also quite a number of jobs. People work in both offices and factories. Having grown up here, I know it well. Too well. I’m ready to move to another place. I want to see other cities and other countries. I think it’s important to learn new things and explore other cultures. I like to spend time with people who have ideas that are different from my ideas. It helps me to see things in a new way.
[059]	My colorful bedroom	Let me tell you about my bedroom. It is filled with many colors. The room has bright colors. My walls are bright yellow. I love my pink lamp. The blue blanket is so soft. Also, I have pink curtains hanging up. The curtains have large white dots. In the room, there are lots of purple and orange flowers. The flowers are small and big. I found a red and orange sheet to add to my bed. Some people think I have too many colors. I do not agree with them. I love all the bright colors in my colorful bedroom. My bedroom is great.
[060]	My Friend	My friend and I are different.  My friend is taller than me.  She is faster than me.  I am shorter. This makes me slower.  Her feet are bigger than mine too.  Mine is smaller. We wear different size shoes. My friend and I like to cook.  I am a better baker than her.  She is quieter than me when we bake.  I talk louder than her too. My friend, Sam, makes better grades than me.  I do not study as much as her. My friend and I dress differently.  She likes brighter clothing.  I like blue, white, and gray clothes.  She says I am pickier than her.  She is right.   We are not the same. I have been friends with her longer than anyone else.  She is the best.  My friend and I are truly different.
[061]	My Friend Tom is sick	Last week, my friend Tom was sick. Tom lives next door to me. We are both students in the same school. But I noticed that Tom was not at school last Monday. I called Tom on the telephone on Monday night after school and asked if he was feeling well. He said that he was feeling sick. I decided to make Tom a hot dinner. First I cooked a delicious soup with chicken and rice. Then I boiled water for tea. Finally, I took the soup and tea next door. Tom was so happy to have a hot meal. After he ate the soup and drank the tea, he felt much better!
[062]	My Happy Mornings	My two favorite things to do in the morning are to make breakfast and to watch my favorite television show. I wake up at six o'clock in the morning when my alarm clock rings. I get up and go to the kitchen. I put a pan on the stove and turn on the heat. Then I melt butter in the pan. Finally, I put two eggs in the pan. I add a bit of salt to the eggs. In a few minutes, the eggs are cooked and ready to eat! Then I make coffee and make some toast. I turn on my television and watch my favorite show. The show is about a funny dog and cat who are friends. I always enjoy eating my breakfast this way!
[063]	My house is my favorite place	My house is my favorite place. There are nine rooms in my home. My house has three bedrooms. Two rooms are bathrooms. The kitchen is a great family spot. The living room is another family spot. I like the dining room too. The office is small. My family has a computer in the office. The rooms are colorful. Some rooms were just painted. I like the new wall colors. Inside my house is calm. The house has a big yard. Many memories are made in the big yard. The pets can run there. We can play games there. My house is special. I love the yard too.
[064]	My Job	I work at a restaurant. At my job, I am very busy all day. My restaurant makes hamburgers, fried chicken, soup, and salad. I do not make the food, but I do serve the food to the customers. I bring the customers drinks, and then I ask them what they would like to eat. I say, "May I take your order?" The customers tell me their order. I write it down in my small notebook, and then I type the order into the computer. The cooks in the kitchen receive the order, and they make the food. I bring the food to the table. Everyone in town thinks the food at my restaurant is delicious. I agree. My favorite food is the fried chicken.
[065]	Numbers	I wanted to have a big breakfast this morning. I ate one egg, but I was still hungry. One egg wasn’t enough. I ate two pieces of bacon after that. The bacon tasted so good, but I still wanted more. I put some oatmeal on the stove for three minutes. I added four sprinkles of sugar, five berries, and six raisins to make it taste better. When I was done eating the oatmeal, it was already seven o’clock, but I was still eating! I needed to leave the house in eight minutes! I quickly put nine crackers in a bag to take with me. I was out of time! It took me ten minutes to get dressed, and then I was gone.
[066]	Outdoor activities with friends	Spending time outside with friends can be a lot of fun. There are many activities you can do outdoors. For example, you can go hiking. Hiking is a good way to enjoy nature and get exercise. You can also have a picnic in the park. Bring some food, drinks, and a blanket. You can play games, eat, and enjoy the nice weather. Another fun outdoor activity is playing sports. You can play soccer, basketball, or any sport you like. If you have a bike, you can go for a bike ride with your friends. Riding bikes is fun and helps you stay healthy. If you live near a beach or a lake, you can go swimming or build sandcastles. Outdoor activities are a great way to have fun and make happy memories with your friends.
[067]	Playing at the Park	We spent the day at the park. It was so much fun. I like to swing. I swing really high. „Brynley, you are going so high.“ Jasmine´s favorite part was the orange slide. She loves the tallest slide. It goes faster than the others. That is what she told me. My little brother, Miles, likes the dinosaur toy. He climbs all over the purple dinosaur. He laughs and giggles. Tim takes time to talk to other kids. He loves making new friends. My dad watches us play. When we got hungry, he said, „Let's get a snack.“ We went to the hot dog stand. We got hot dogs and drinks. The day at the park was so much fun.
[068]	Playing Baseball with my Friends	After school, my friends and I like to play baseball. Usually I will play with John, Nick, and Zack. John can hit the ball very far. Nick is really fast. Zack is the best at catching the ball. I’m not very good at playing baseball, but it is really fun. Nick has a nice yard that we like to play in. We use rocks for bases. Zack has a nice baseball bat that he brings. John has a good ball that we like to use. It is hard to play baseball with four people, so we just play for fun. I like to pitch the ball. I like to pitch because I like to throw.
[069]	Preparing for a job interview for beginners	A job interview is an important step in finding work. First, learn about the company where you want to work. Read about what they do and what kind of people they want to hire. Next, think about your skills and why you are a good person for the job. Practice answering simple questions like "Tell me about yourself" or "Why do you want this job?" Prepare a clean outfit and make sure your clothes are neat. On the day of the interview, arrive a little early. Smile, look at the person speaking, and try to stay calm. Listen carefully to the questions and answer them simply and honestly. At the end of the interview, you can ask your own questions about the job. When the interview finishes, thank the person for their time. After you leave, wait for a phone call or email about the job. A good interview can help you get your first job.
[070]	Recess at my School	At my school, we have recess. Recess is a time when the students get to go outside and play. This is done during school three times a day. When I go outside, I like to play soccer. I usually score one goal a day. We also have a really big play toy. On this play toy, we have a slide that is fun to slide down. A lot of kids like to play on this toy, so it can be hard to go down the slide sometimes. We also have eight swings that are fun too. Most of the kids don’t like to use the swings, so I can play with those when I want.
[071]	Riding My Bike	When I come home from school, I like to ride my bike. My bike has two wheels, and they spin fast. I ride my bike on the sidewalk and in the street near my home. My friends also have bikes, and they come out and play when they see me. When I ride my bike, I sit on a seat. As I’m sitting down on the seat, I push on the pedals. When I push on the pedals, the wheels turn. When the wheels turn, my bike begins to go. When I ride my bike down a hill, I do not need to push on my pedals.
[072]	Sarah the Artist	Sarah loves to make art. She likes painting, drawing, and creating pictures on the computer. Her favorite way to make art is painting. Sarah's paintings are very colorful. She likes to use bright colors. She painted a large painting of a big red apple. She painted a picture of some purple cows standing in a blue field. She painted a picture of her brother. In the painting, her brother had a green face. Sarah is creative. She began drawing and painting when she was very young. Sometimes, she will draw pictures and give them as gifts to her friends. In her house, there are many pictures on the walls. Some of the pictures were made by Sarah, and others were made by other artists that Sarah likes.
[073]	Sharing with my Sister	Sometimes I like to play with my sister. When we play together, we try to share our toys. Sometimes when we want the same toy, we get mad. When we get mad at each other, we get loud. Last time I got mad, I threw one of my toys. My sister cried, and our mom and dad came. When our mom and dad came, they told us not to get mad. They tell us that we need to share. They also tell us that we should be nice each other. After that, I tried to let my sister play with my toys. I even let my sister play with my favorite truck.
[074]	Shopping for Clothes	My friends and I went shopping for clothes. Sam wanted a new shirt. He found a pink shirt. I said, „I like it.“ Maggie asked, „Can we go to the shoe store, Beth?“ I said, „Sure.“ She found some cool sneakers. I said, „Now, I want to find a dress.“ We went to one store that had a lot of dresses. I did not like any of them. I said, „Let's go try one more place.“ When I got there, I bought a pair of jeans. Bobby said, „Those are so cute.“ Tom asked, „Are you ready to eat lunch yet?“ Melissa said, „Don´t you like clothing shopping?“ Tom shook his head no. Bobby and Tom did not buy any clothes. We continued shopping until everyone had found what they were looking for.  Then we had a nice lunch. We laughed and ate pizza.
[075]	Simple phone calls	Making a phone call is easy. First, pick up your phone and find the number you want to call. Press the numbers and then the green “call” button. When someone answers, say “Hello” and your name. Speak slowly and clearly, especially if you are calling someone for the first time. If you need to leave a message, say your name and why you called. For example, “Hello, this is Anna. I want to talk about my school project.” If you cannot understand the person, kindly ask, “Can you say that again, please?” End the call by saying, “Thank you” or “Goodbye.” Practice speaking on the phone often. It will help you feel more confident.
[076]	Taking English Classes	Matthias is learning to speak English. He is taking English classes. Sometimes, his classes are at school. Other students go to school and sit in the classroom with Matthias. They sit in their chairs at their desks while they learn from the teacher. The teacher stands at the front of the classroom and teaches. He uses a pencil to write on paper when he answers the test questions. Sometimes, Matthias's classes are virtual classes. When he takes virtual classes, he learns on the computer. He sees his teacher on the computer screen. He uses the keyboard to type his answers to the test questions.
[077]	Talking about your hobbies and free time	Everyone has hobbies. Hobbies are activities you enjoy in your free time. Some people like playing sports, like football or tennis. Others enjoy reading books or drawing pictures. A hobby can be something simple, like listening to music, watching movies, or walking in the park. Doing hobbies is fun and helps you relax. You can share your hobbies with others. For example, you can say, "I like to paint pictures" or "I love playing the guitar." Sometimes, you can join clubs or groups to meet people who have the same interests. Talking about hobbies is a good way to find new friends and learn new things. What are your favorite hobbies?
[078]	The Big Store	Michael works at a big store. This store is called a supermarket, and it sells groceries. People come to the store to buy food. Most people visit the store every week, but some people come more often. Michael’s manager is a woman named Tiffany. She is very nice to Michael because Michael works hard. Michael works as a bagger. He takes people’s groceries and puts them into bags. He also helps people take the bags of groceries to their cars. Michael used to work as a cashier, but he was not good with money. Michael likes his job because he is a student and he only works on weekends. This schedule means he has a lot of time for school.
[079]	The Fall Season	When it is fall, the temperature gets cooler. During this time of year, the leaves on the trees begin to change colors. The leaves will turn red, yellow, orange, and brown. Addy likes this time of the year. She likes this time of the year because the trees look pretty. She also likes this time of the year because it feels nice outside. When the leaves fall in Addy’s yard, her dad will go outside and rake them in a pile. This takes a long time because they have a lot of trees by their house. After her dad rakes the leaves into a pile, she likes to jump in them.
[080]	The Library Books	The library has a lot of books. I like to read books. The books are all different. Small books can be fun. The pictures help tell the story. The small books are quick to read. They take less time to read. Long books are good too. They take a long time to read. I like to read long books. Poetry books are fun. Poems can rhyme. Some books are about the world. These books can show photographs. They can include maps too. Books help us see new places. Many people read books. It helps them learn. They can think like other people.
[081]	The Spring Season	When it is spring, my mom and dad like to plant their garden. Spring is the best time to plant gardens. During the spring, it starts to get warm again. This is also when the plants begin to grow. During spring, the flowers begin to grow and bloom. The leaves on the trees also start to grow. I like the spring because it’s not really cold. I also like the spring because it’s not really hot. I think the temperature is perfect. I like it because I can go outside and play again with my friends. We like to run and play because it feels good outside.
[082]	The Winter Season	It is really cold out today. It is cold today because it is winter. Winter is the coldest time of the year. Sometimes it will get so cold that it will snow. During the winter, the trees by our home do not have leaves. The leaves fall off the trees because it is too cold outside for them to grow. When I go to school, my mom will make sure I am dressed warm. She will make sure that I have boots on my feet. She will also make sure that I have a sweatshirt on to keep me warm. If it is really cold, she will make me wear a jacket on top of my sweat shirt.
[083]	Visiting the Farm	My family took me to a farm. We saw many animals. There were ten pigs. Eight of them were piglets. The horse was running fast. It has a beautiful white color. I gave it carrots and apples. There was another tall black horse in the field. Both seemed gentle. The goats were silly. They tried to eat my cup. I gave them some corn. They wanted more. Most of them had horns. I got scared of the noisy chickens. One almost pecked me. There were so many chickens. I really do not like chickens. There were no cows on the farm. That surprised me. We spent hours at the farm. It was a lot of fun. The goats were my favorite.
[084]	Visiting the zoo with your family	A zoo is a great place to learn about animals and spend time with your family. When you arrive, you buy tickets at the entrance. Inside, you get a map to help you find different animals. You can see lions, elephants, monkeys, and many more. Some animals are loud, and others are quiet. Many people like to visit during feeding time because they can watch the animals eat. You should not feed the animals or shout at them because it can be dangerous. There are often signs to tell you what you can and cannot do. Sometimes, the zoo has special shows, such as bird performances or talks about animal care. You can also visit a gift shop or eat lunch at the zoo café. At the end of the day, you may feel tired, but you will have many good memories. Visiting the zoo is fun and teaches you a lot about the world’s animals.
[085]	Weather	This morning when Ann woke up it was cold outside. The sun was not up yet, so it was dark and chilly. The wind was blowing too, but Ann was lucky it wasn’t snowing. When the sun came up, it got warmer outside, but it was still a little cloudy. Ann decided to go for a walk. When she was walking, it started to rain! Ann had to run inside with an umbrella. The thunder and lightning was loud, but the storm didn’t last long. When it was sunny again, Ann finally got to finish her walk. She made sure to bring a jacket and an umbrella, just in case.
[086]	Wedding Wishes	As I ate my dinner, the happy bride and groom made their way around the guest tables, chatting and smiling at all of their friends and family. Finally, as I finished my meal, it was my turn for a visit from the new couple. “Liz,” the bride said. “I’m so glad you could make it.” “I wouldn’t miss it!” I told them both. “Congratulations on such a beautiful day. The ceremony was perfect.” “Well we are so happy that we got to share the day with so many people. I hope you’ll enjoy some dancing after dinner,” the groom said. “Yet another thing I wouldn’t miss!” The happy husband and wife laughed and then moved on to other guests waiting to offer their congratulations.
[087]	What I do at School	When I get to school, I quickly get to my class before the bell rings. When class starts, a bell will ring to remind us that class is starting. After the bell rings, the teacher makes sure everyone is there. At school, I like to draw pictures. This is called art. Art is fun. Painting and coloring are also art. I like to take my pictures that I draw home to my parents. When I give them a picture, they like to hang it on our refrigerator. I also like to go on field trips. Field trips are activities in which we go somewhere together as a class to learn. For our last field trip, we went to the zoo.
[088]	What Is Your Favorite Color?	Jack’s favorite color is red. He likes when red fire trucks drive by his home. His favorite fruit is an apple because it is red. When Jack colors, he uses the color red the most. Nick’s favorite color is blue. He loves looking at the sky because it is blue. Nick enjoys picking blueberries because they are blue. Sometimes Nick likes to look out of his window to see if there any blue birds outside. Zach’s favorite color is green. He likes mowing his yard because his grass is green. Zach wears his green shirt a lot because he really likes the color green. He also has a green hat that he likes to wear.
[089]	What my Parents do	My dad likes to work. He spends a lot of time building furniture. He builds tables and bookshelves for our home. When we need something fixed in our home, my dad fixes it. Recently, my dad fixed our roof. Sometimes I will help my dad fix things. I will give him his tools when he needs them and hold wood for him. My mom really likes to be with me and my sister. She teaches us how to read and write. Recently, she has been teaching me how to count. My sister is only two years old, but my mom is teaching her the alphabet. Sometimes I try to help my mom teach my sister.
[090]	Where is My Phone?	I cannot find my phone. Where is my phone? My phone was in my hand. Now my phone is gone. I lose my phone sometimes. When I lose my phone, I feel angry. Did I leave it at work, did I leave it at school, or did I leave it in my car? My phone is black. My phone is shaped like a rectangle. When my phone rings, it sounds like a bird. My phone is not ringing right now. I am looking for my phone. I am looking on the table and under the table. I am looking in the kitchen. I am looking in the bathroom, the bedroom, and the basement. I cannot find my phone. Oh! My phone is in my pocket.
[091]	A great summer vacation	I just returned from the greatest summer vacation! It was so fantastic, I never wanted it to end. I spent eight days in Paris, France. My best friends, Henry and Steve, went with me. We had a beautiful hotel room in the Latin Quarter, and it wasn’t even expensive. We had a balcony with a wonderful view. We visited many famous tourist places. My favorite was the Louvre, a well-known museum. I was always interested in art, so that was a special treat for me. The museum is so huge, you could spend weeks there. Henry got tired walking around the museum and said “Enough! I need to take a break and rest.” We took lots of breaks and sat in cafes along the river Seine. The French food we ate was delicious. The wines were tasty, too. Steve’s favorite part of the vacation was the hotel breakfast. He said he would be happy if he could eat croissants like those forever. We had so much fun that we’re already talking about our next vacation!
[092]	Going to the Supermarket	Martha is at the grocery store, getting ready for a house party. She has a list of what she needs with her as she goes along. The first section she comes has produce. Martha sees apples, bananas, cherries, grapes, and strawberries. She checks her list: - 6 apples - 1 bag of cherries - 1 bag of grapes - 2 cartons of strawberries Martha gets her items and looks the bananas. They are on sale for much cheaper than they are normally. She picks 3 bananas. Next are vegetables. She sees potatoes, carrots, tomatoes, onions, mushrooms, and salad in bags. She checks her list: - 5 pounds of potatoes - 6 carrots - 4 tomatoes - 2 onions - 4 mushrooms As she is putting her items into her cart, Martha checks the many bags of salad and chooses 2 of them. She pushes her cart ahead. The next section is meat and dairy. She sees meat, fish, cheese, eggs, and milk. She checks her list: - 2 fish (salmon) - 1 block of cheese (cheddar) - 1 dozen eggs - 2 gallons of milk She looks at the meat that is on sale and chooses a 5-pound roll of hamburger. She gets the rest of the items in that section. She still needs rice, bread, salt, sugar, and flour. She gets: - 2 bags of rice - 4 loaves of bread - a 2-pound bag of sugar - a 2-pound bag of flour Martha then realizes that she has forgotten something. She runs back and gets 1 container of salt and then rushes to the checkout. She puts her groceries into her car and leaves.
[093]	Going to work in the morning	My job is a long distance from my home, almost 50 miles away. I have to wake up early every morning, as I’m always in a rush. There’s never enough time for a relaxed breakfast. At exactly 6:00 AM, I get into my car and start the long drive. I usually like driving on the highway more than in the city. During the morning rush hour, though, it’s not very enjoyable. The heavy traffic is a little bit annoying. So I always listen to my favorite classical music CD’s in the car – Chopin, Mozart, and Bach. That cheers me up a lot. The drive to work takes about one hour. Going back home in the evening after work takes even longer, maybe around 70 minutes. Lately I’ve been thinking about trying to take the train to work instead of driving. That way, I could still listen to my music with headphones, and even read a novel at the same time.
[094]	Hotel Reservation	Receptionist: Good afternoon! This is Capitol Hotels in Washington, D.C. How may I help you? Mr. Abrams: Hi, I’d like to schedule a reservation for this upcoming weekend from Friday night until Sunday. Receptionist: Sure! Let me check and see what rooms are available. Do you need a room with one bed or two? Mr. Abrams: My wife and I will be visiting the city, but a room with one bed will be just fine. Receptionist: Alright... It looks like we have several rooms available. Would you care for a room with a balcony? Mr. Abrams: A single room with no balcony will suit our needs just fine. I did notice on your website that you have a pool and an exercise room. Are these facilities available for all hotel guests? Receptionist: Yes, all hotel guests are allowed access to those facilities. The hotel stay also includes breakfast. We have a restaurant on-site that also serves lunch and dinner, but those meals are not included in your lodging fee. Mr. Abrams: Okay, that’s fine. What time are both check-in and check-out? Receptionist: Check-in for you on Friday can be any time after 3:00 p.m. Check-out will be on Sunday before noon. Mr. Abrams: Sounds great! Receptionist: I am glad that I could help you today. Is there anything else that you need at this point in time? Mr. Abrams: Would you like my credit card information now, or can I take care of that upon my arrival to the hotel’s reception desk? Receptionist: We can handle payment upon your arrival on Friday. We look forward to seeing you then! Mr. Abrams: Thank you! I look forward to my stay. Receptionist: Enjoy the rest of your week!
[095]	Letter to a Friend	Hi, Fred! It's been a while since we have been in touch. How has your semester been? I wanted to send an email update to you let you know how things have been going during my semester abroad here in Málaga, Spain. I've already been here for six weeks, and I feel like I am finally adapting to the culture. I'm also speaking the language more fluently. I arrived during the first week of September. The weather has been very nice. Even though it's October, it's still rather sunny and warm. In fact, I went to the beach and swam in the Mediterranean Sea earlier today. I am living with a very welcoming host family. I have my own private bedroom, but we eat breakfast, lunch, and dinner together. On Sundays, we eat a big home-cooked paella for lunch. In Spain, lunch is usually the biggest meal of the day. It's also very common for the people to take a midday nap right after a big meal. I am actually just waking up from my nap right now! On weekdays, I take classes at the local university. There, I met several native Spanish speakers. They have been very kind and patient with me. At first, I struggled to comprehend their Spanish, but now I understand most of our conversations. They have commented that my Spanish has improved a lot since we first met. Now, I am more confident to use the language in other places like stores and restaurants. I am so glad that I decided to spend the semester here in Spain. We have an extended weekend coming up, so a group of my friends and I are going to travel to France for four days. It's so easy and inexpensive to travel internationally in Europe. I love it! I look forward to hearing from you soon. Like I said, don't hesitate to stay in touch more often. Perhaps you could even come to visit! What do you think? Best wishes, Patrick
[096]	Preparing food	Jack was hungry. He walked to the kitchen. He got out some eggs. He took out some oil. He placed a skillet on the stove. Next, he turned on the heat. He poured the oil into the skillet. He cracked the eggs into a bowl. He stirred the eggs. Then, he poured them into the hot skillet. He waited while the eggs cooked. They cooked for two minutes. He heard them cooking. They popped in the oil. Next, Jack put the eggs on a plate. He placed the plate on the dining room table. Jack loved looking at his eggs. They looked pretty on the white plate. He sat down in the large wooden chair. He thought about the day ahead. He ate the eggs with a spoon. They were good. He washed the plate with dishwashing soap. Then, he washed the pan. He got a sponge damp. Finally, he wiped down the table. Next, Jack watched TV.
[097]	The pet store	George is at the pet store, looking at what kind of pet he might want to get for his birthday. George asked if he could have a horse, but his parents said no because horses are too big. First, he sees dogs and cats. Baby dogs are called puppies. Baby cats are called kittens. George likes them because they are easy to take care of and can play a lot, but they will get bigger. George wants a small pet. Then George sees animals that have to live in a cage. He sees rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice. Mice are what you call more than one mouse. He likes these animals because they are small. Birds live in cages too. George sees a parrot and a canary. He likes them all, but he doesn’t want to clean the cage. George sees the animals in tanks. The tanks full of water have fish and turtles in them. He thinks about a goldfish but decides he likes the turtles more. There are also tanks with rocks and sand that have snakes, spiders, and scorpions, but George is afraid of them. George likes the turtles best, but they won’t fit in the little fishbowls. Turtles need bigger tanks, so they can swim sometimes and hide sometimes. George decides he wants to get a turtle for his birthday. He buys a book on how to take care of a turtle and a list of what types of turtles the store has.
[098]	A Beautiful Day to Run	The weather outside is delightful. The sun is shining, and the wind is blowing. Every other day I enjoy running in the park. Today’s run will be very pleasant due to the beautiful weather. I glance at my watch to check the time. It is now 6:45 AM. I normally go for my run at 7:00 AM every morning. As I walk down the path that leads to the park, the wind blows my hair into my face. For a moment, I am unable to see in front of me. Before I can move the hair from my view, I stumble over the uneven walkway. I quickly catch myself before I hit the rocky ground beneath my feet. Nothing will stop me from having a great day.
[099]	A Rainy Day at School	It was raining outside today. We were in the car headed to school when lightning flashed across the sky. I could see the school appearing in the distance. After arriving at school, I hugged my mom goodbye. The rain was pouring now. I ran inside the building to get out of the rain. I had forgotten to bring my umbrella with me today. I didn’t realize how fast I was moving. As I ran through the front door of the school building, my feet slid down the hallway. I tried to stop, but I was going too fast. I crashed into the wall dropping all of my books. A girl from my class rushed over to help me up. After she helped me up, we gathered my belongings from the floor and walked to class together.
[100]	A Rough Morning	Johnny woke up and let out a deep sigh. He knew he had a difficult test this afternoon, so he didn't want to go to school. Maybe he could ditch his classes? But then his mom would find out! If that happened, she would ground him from videogames for an entire month! He couldn't risk that, but he didn't want to get a bad score on his Geometry test. He thinks it over as he gets into the shower. After he dried himself off, he could smell blueberries and waffles: his favorite breakfast. This gave him enough motivation to leave his room, eat his breakfast and hop on the bus.
[101]	A Typical Day at School	I have to wake up early for school. Since it starts at 7:30 AM, I set my alarm for 6:30 AM, and then I get out of bed, take a shower, eat breakfast and run outside to catch the bus. Since it's a quick trip, I'm able to reach my school a few minutes before the first bell rings. I usually go to my locker first. I put away my backpack and gather the books that I need for my classes. My first class of the day is history. After history, I have math, science and government. My lunch break is at 12 PM, and I chat with my friends as I eat a sandwich and some chips. Sometimes, I'll be bad and eat a candy bar from the vending machine, but I try not to make it a habit. It's unhealthy. When lunch is over, I have a social studies class and a language class. My last class of the day ends at 3:30 PM. I love the sound of the final bell, especially when I don't have homework. I hate studying!
[102]	An exciting Morning	George opened his eyes and immediately threw the covers off of his bed. The green covers hit the ground as he jumped out of bed and put on his blue slippers. George immediately ran to his bedroom door, turned the silver doorknob and left the room. He was so happy to celebrate Christmas with his parents! Even though his favorite holiday was Halloween, he loved opening presents. Maybe he would get the six gear bike he asked for! He went down the hall and opened his parents' door on the right. He flicked on the lights to wake his parents up so they could celebrate the holiday.
[103]	Animals at My Home	I have a lot of animals. At my home I have three ducks. The ducks are white, and they have yellow beaks. They like to eat bugs and rice. I had two cats for a long time. Recently a different cat came to my home and now lives here too. My son likes to feed the cats and get them water. He feeds them on our porch in the front of our home. I have seven rabbits in my backyard. It takes a long time to feed them and give them water. Some of them are friendly and some of them are not. Four of them are grey, one is black, one is brown, and another is brown and white.
[104]	At the Hairdresser	Sally walked into the salon to get her hair cut. “Hi, I have an appointment at 2:00,” she told the receptionist. A hairdresser wearing an apron smiled at Sally. “Come on back and have a seat,” she said. Sally followed the hairdresser and sat in the big spinning chair. The hairdresser put a cape over Sally’s lap to collect hair as it fell. “What are we doing with your hair today?” the hairdresser asked. “Can you take off about two inches?” Sally said. The hairdresser began brushing and cutting Sally’s hair. When she finished cutting, she gave Sally a mirror and spun her around to look at the finished cut. “It looks great!” Sally said. Sally paid the hairdresser and gave her a tip for doing such a good job cutting her hair.
[105]	Baking Bread	Stephanie looked out the window and saw dark clouds forming in the sky; it looked as though it would rain. Just as she had hoped, it was a perfect day for baking bread. She liked to bake bread on cooler, rainy days because the bread seemed to rise more evenly. She wanted these loaves to be perfect because she was planning to give a loaf of bread to the new family across the street. She got out a mixing bowl, warm water and the ingredients: flour, yeast, salt, sugar and vegetable oil. She liked to have everything ready so she didn’t have to reach for something with doughy fingers. Stephanie dissolved the yeast and a little sugar into the warm water. Once the yeast had puffed up and covered the surface of the water, she added the rest of the ingredients to the mixing bowl and mixed for two minutes. Then she kneaded the dough. She liked to do this by hand; it was how she had learned, and she had never used a mixer with a dough hook. It took a little longer by hand but she actually enjoyed kneading. After she had kneaded the dough for about 10 minutes, she covered the bowl with a towel and let it rise. When it had risen enough, Stephanie punched the dough down and kneaded in more flour until it was the right consistency, smooth and elastic. Then she shaped it, put it into oiled bread pans, and let it rise again. She turned on the oven so it could start getting hot. When the dough had risen to the top of the bread pans, she slashed the tops of the loaves diagonally and put them in the oven to bake. She thought they would be just right for her neighbors.
[106]	Ben’s Morning Routine	At 6 a.m., Ben’s alarm clock went off. He pressed the snooze button three times before he could wake up--he hadn’t gotten much sleep during the night. He got up, after his three nine-minute snoozes, at 6:27 a.m. He then went to the kitchen to get a cup of coffee. His wife woke up earlier than he did and had some already made. While drinking his coffee, Ben checked his email messages. There was nothing that needed to be dealt with right away. He then went into the bathroom to brush his teeth, comb his hair, and shave. After shaving, he got dressed. On Monday through Thursday, he wore a suit to the office, but today was casual Friday, so he dressed in jeans and a t-shirt. He left his house about 7 a.m. and walked over to the light rail station. On the way there, he stopped at a donut shop for breakfast. He knew it wasn’t the healthiest option but it was convenient. He worked out enough so that he didn’t gain weight. He caught the light rail train at 7:12 a.m. and made it to the office by 7:30 a.m. As long as he got there before his boss, he was happy.
[107]	Birthday Wishes	Justin knocked on the door decorated with balloons. He could hear a lot of people inside talking. Then, Shannon answered the door wearing a birthday hat and smiling. “Justin!” she shouted as she opened the door. Justin walked into the house and waved at his friends. “Happy birthday, Shannon!” he told her. “I brought you something.” Shannon smiled and took the gift out of Justin’s hands and placed it on a table with several other gifts. “Oh, thank you so much!” “Thank you for inviting me,” Justin said. “This looks like a fun party.” “It is! Let’s go to the kitchen. Kelly made me a chocolate cake with vanilla frosting.” Justin followed Shannon. He couldn’t wait to enjoy her birthday treats.
[108]	Blackberry Harvest	When the first pink berries appeared, I began checking the blackberry bush every morning. After a few weeks, they were ripe. Ripe blackberries are dark purple and plump. I picked them, took them inside, washed them, and put them in the refrigerator. After one week, there were enough blackberries to make a pie. The pie tasted good. The morning harvest began to take two buckets instead of only one. Blackberries were eaten at every meal. There were too many to eat right away. We made blackberry jam and gave it to friends. They said it tasted good. I liked to eat the jam on toast.
[109]	Building a Tree House	Today my dad said we are going to build a tree house. He said that he would need a lot of wood to build the tree house. He got a ladder to help him reach higher in the tree. The ladder has steps on it that he can climb to get higher in the air. First, my dad nailed in boards at the bottom of the tree. He used nails. Nails are sharp pieces of metal. He also used a hammer to hit the nails into the boards. The boards my dad nailed into the bottom of the tree will be the steps for me to climb to get into my tree house.
[110]	Buying Fruit	Saturday was my favorite time to buy fruit at the farmer’s market. I walked around the stalls and tried to find the best looking fruit. I bought five bananas that had a yellow peel. I also bought a few kiwis that I knew were bright green inside. At one of the stands, I found ripe cherries. I thought they would be perfect, so I bought a whole bunch. Before I picked out a cantaloupe, I smelled the melon to make sure it was ripe. The sweet smell was great, so I got one of those as well. When I finished at the market and arrived back home, I got to work making the perfect fruit salad.
[111]	Celebrating Christmas with my Family	On December 25th every year, I celebrate Christmas with my family. Before Christmas, my family and I put a Christmas tree in our living room. On the tree, we hang ornaments and Christmas lights. I like looking at the Christmas lights when it is dark. Sometimes when I’m in the car with my family, I will look out the window for Christmas lights. On Christmas Day, we give presents to our friends and family. We like to be together on Christmas Day. We wrap the presents in wrapping paper. On the gifts, we put a card. In the card, we write our names so the person we give the gift to will know it is from us.
[112]	Challenges of celebrating with friends and family	Celebrating Christmas with friends and family brings joy, but it can also be challenging. Many people want to spend time with both their family and their friends. However, it is not always easy to visit everyone because of distance, busy schedules, or different traditions. Sometimes, people must choose where to go or split their time between homes. This can make some feel worried about missing out or disappointing others. To solve these challenges, some people plan celebrations on different days or meet with friends before or after the holiday. Others use video calls so they can join family gatherings from far away. It is important to remember that Christmas is about being together and sharing love, even if everyone cannot be in the same place. Finding balance helps everyone enjoy the holiday and keeps relationships strong.
[113]	Changes in close friendships	Sometimes, friendships change as life moves on. A friend you used to see every day may get a new job, move to a different city, or have new responsibilities. This can make it hard to keep in touch or see each other as often as before. It’s normal to feel sad, worried, or even a bit distant as routines and interests shift. Reminding yourself that change is a regular part of life and relationships can help you cope better with these feelings. Maintaining these friendships doesn’t mean things will be exactly the same. Instead, you can try new ways to connect, like sending text messages, making regular phone calls, or planning occasional visits. Sometimes, you might discover new activities you both enjoy, or learn more about your friend’s new experiences. It’s important to be honest about how you feel and listen to your friend’s point of view. With understanding and effort from both sides, friendships can grow and stay strong, even if they look a little different than before.
[114]	Chores	I have been working on chores. I started by sweeping the living room floor. Then, I mopped the floor. It was so shiny. Next, I dusted all the tables and lamps. The room was sparkling. Mom asked me to straighten up my bedroom. I collected a box of items to donate. Then, I collected a bag of trash. I tidied up my closet. It looked very neat when I was done. I was happy to have a clean room. My dad asked me to take the trash outside. I pulled the black trash can down to the road. The final part of the cleaning day was reorganizing the pantry. I put all the canned items together. I organized all the other items too. It looked so good.
[115]	Christmas is coming	Holidays are special days. Christmas is a holiday that many people love. On December 25th, it will be Christmas Day. Before Christmas, people will wrap presents and put them under a Christmas tree. You will see Christmas trees covered in lights and ornaments. You will see houses decorated with bright lights. You will hear Christmas music at every store when you go shopping. You will hear Christmas music on the radio when you are in your car. Children will be happy because they know they will receive presents soon. There will be people dressed up like Santa Claus. The colors of Christmas are red, green, and white. Many people will wear those colors to celebrate the holiday. Maybe you will spend time with your friends and family. Maybe you will go to a Christmas party. Christmas is an exciting holiday.
[116]	Christmas preparations: organizing early for less stress	Getting ready for Christmas can sometimes feel overwhelming, but making plans early helps the season run smoothly. Many people begin by making a gift list and deciding on a budget. Shopping ahead of time and wrapping presents early can help avoid last-minute stress. Some people also prepare by sending out holiday cards or planning meals they want to cook. Decorating the home, putting up lights, and playing Christmas music can create a festive mood. Preparing in advance also gives you more time to enjoy your favorite traditions, like baking cookies or watching holiday movies. By taking small steps each day, you can look forward to a joyful holiday without feeling rushed or pressured. Careful preparation is the key to a happy and relaxing Christmas.
[117]	Cleaning up the Kitchen	Sometimes my mom asks me to help her clean the kitchen. When she cleans our refrigerator, she takes out all the food. She puts the food on the table before she cleans inside the refrigerator. While she cleans the refrigerator, I will clean the dishes. I scrub the dishes with a sponge. The sponge helps me to scrub off food from the plates. The sponge also helps me to wipe soap and water on the plates. My brother helps by sweeping the floor. We have a large broom that he uses to sweep the floor. When he is done, he sweeps the dirt into a dustpan. He is very good at cleaning the floor.
[118]	Dealing with disappointment in daily life	Disappointment happens when things don’t go the way we hope or expect. For example, you might not get invited to a party, you might get a lower grade than you wanted, or a plan with friends might be canceled. It’s natural to feel sad, frustrated, or upset. The first step is to accept your feelings and understand that everyone experiences disappointment sometimes. Talking to a friend or family member can help you feel better and see things more clearly. Instead of focusing on what went wrong, try to think about what you can learn from the situation or look forward to something else. Over time, you will become better at handling disappointment and moving on. Learning how to deal with these feelings is an important part of growing up and living a happier life.
[119]	Dealing with unexpected guests at home	Unexpected guests can turn an ordinary day into an adventure, even if it feels inconvenient at first. Last Saturday, my parents’ friends arrived for a surprise visit, bringing their two children. Our house was unprepared for visitors, and I worried about not having enough food or clean space. My siblings and I quickly worked together to tidy up and find snacks to share. Although it was stressful in the beginning, we soon realized that hospitality doesn’t have to be perfect. As the afternoon went on, everyone relaxed. We played board games, told stories, and even improvised a small backyard picnic. The visit turned into one of the most enjoyable afternoons we had in a while. From this experience, I learned that being flexible and welcoming can lead to positive, memorable moments. Sometimes, the best memories are created when plans change and everyone works together to make guests feel at home.
[120]	Description of Three Friends	Tara, Jeff, and Paul work together for a publishing company in New York City. They all were hired around the same time, and they quickly became great friends. Tara is a tall brunette. She has blue eyes and freckles on her face. She is 24 years old, and she lives in an apartment in the city. She is very likeable and outgoing. She gets along well with all of her coworkers, and she enjoys spending time with them outside of work. Tara is a very ambitious young woman, and she hopes that all of her hard work will get her a promotion soon. Jeff is a nice young man who moved to New York City from Boston. He is 25 years old. He has a great personality and is very funny. Jeff always makes his friends and coworkers laugh. His jokes are very amusing. His friends think he should be a comedian. At his job, Jeff organizes meetings, manages records, and answers phone calls. His company is happy to have such a dynamic personality working in the office. Paul is a short, thin man. He is 28 years old. Paul lives in the suburbs, and he arrives to work every day by train. Paul is a writer for the publishing company. He enjoys writing at work and in his free time. Paul is a bit quiet and reserved, but his coworkers think he is very nice. For his age and experience, his company believes he is a very talented writer. The company hopes that Paul stays at his job for a very long time.
[121]	Dialogue Between Friends	Danny: Hi, Gwen! It’s great to see you! How has your week been? Gwen: Hi, Danny! I’m glad to see you, too. I have had such a busy week, and I’ve been really stressed out. I put in extra hours at work, and I had to take care of a lot of chores and organizing at home. Are you excited for the weekend? Danny: Sounds like you’ve had a long week! I'm definitely looking forward to some time away from work. The weekend will be a great break for both of us. Gwen: What do you have planned? Danny: Tonight, my friends and I are going to see the new science fiction movie at the movie theater. Tomorrow, I am going to take a day trip to the city. The art museum has a new gallery of modern art. I haven’t quite figured out yet what I will do on Sunday. What about you? Gwen: Honestly, tonight I just want to sit on the couch and relax with a good book. I will probably fall asleep by 8:00! As for Saturday, I think the trip to the art museum sounds interesting. I really enjoy art from the modernist period, and I didn’t know there was a featured exhibit. Danny: Would you maybe want to come along with me? I’m taking the train at 9:00 in the morning, and we’d probably arrive at the museum by 10:00. Gwen: That sounds great! I think after this stressful week I could really benefit from a change in scenery. Spending a day in the city appreciating art seems like the perfect way to clear my mind. Thanks for the invitation! Danny: No problem! It will be great to catch up with each other a little bit more as well. Gwen: What time should we meet at the train station? Danny: We can meet at the train station tomorrow morning at 8:45. Gwen: Sounds great! See you then! Danny: See you tomorrow. Bye!
[122]	Doing my Homework	It is hard for me to do my homework. Some subjects are easier for me than others. I really like to do math even though it is hard for me. I am good at adding numbers. I am also good at subtracting numbers. Multiplying and dividing numbers is what is hard for me. Reading is also something I like even though it is hard. My mom and dad tell me reading is important. I enjoy reading books. Sometimes when my family is busy, I will read on our couch. It is comfortable to sit down and read on our couch. I hope to be able to read to my little sister soon.
[123]	Emotions	Some things make people feel sad and some things make people feel happy. On birthdays, people feel happy and excited. People also feel happy when they win a game or feel grateful when they get a present. People can feel sad too, like when they lose something or get bad news. Other times, people feel mad if someone is mean to them, or they could feel scared when they watch a movie. People can feel sleepy at night, nervous before a speech, or loving with their family. There are all types of emotions and all kinds of different feelings. What do you feel today?
[124]	Emptying the Library	Grandfather had said that a person could never have too many books. Adam watched his mother dig through the library, tossing books she didn’t want into a box. She must have forgotten what Grandfather said. “We haven’t read any of these,” Mother said. “We found them all at yard sales. Besides, don’t you think we could use the space to store books we will use?” “No,” Adam answered. “These could come in useful later.” “Our house is too cluttered,” his mother replied, “and we should remove all unnecessary items.” He watched her pick up a box of books and take it out to the car. The library had never seemed so empty.
[125]	Enjoying everyday meals with new recipes	Preparing and sharing everyday meals can sometimes feel repetitive, especially when using the same recipes week after week. Exploring new dishes, even simple ones, adds excitement and variety to daily routines. Searching for easy recipes online or exchanging ideas with friends and family can provide fresh inspiration. Even small changes, like adding new spices or trying a different cooking technique, can turn an ordinary meal into something special. Enjoying a variety of foods is also a fun way to learn about different cultures and flavors. Cooking as a group, whether with household members or video calling a friend, can make mealtimes more social and enjoyable. These shared experiences help create positive memories and encourage healthy eating habits. By making an effort to try new recipes, everyday meals can become moments to look forward to rather than just another daily task.
[126]	Family Day at the Beach	Today is family day at the beach for the Jacksons. The Jacksons are a family of four. Mike and Pauline are the parents of Annie and Jack. Once a month they take a trip to the beach. When they arrived at the beach, they found a place on the sand to lay down their blankets. Annie and Jack ran off to play in the water while their dad Mike prepared his surfboard. Once Pauline had organized their area on the sand, she stretched out in the sun. The beach was peaceful today. Other families walked and played along the shoreline. Birds flew overhead as the wind blew the waves. It was a beautiful day at the beach.
[127]	Family traditions and what they mean	Every family has its own set of traditions, which are special ways of doing things that are repeated over time. Some families have weekly traditions like having dinner together every Friday, while others celebrate with unique activities during holidays, such as singing special songs, making favorite dishes, or visiting relatives. These traditions can be big or small, but what matters is that they are meaningful to the family. Traditions are important because they help family members feel connected to each other, even when life gets busy. They create a sense of belonging and identity. Children especially enjoy these routines, as they provide something to look forward to and pass on to the next generation. Family traditions remind everyone of happy times and keep family stories alive.
[128]	Favorite Animals	I like a lot of animals. We saw many animals at the zoo. Some animals are noisy. Monkeys can be very loud. Elephants make a strange noise. Tigers and lions roar. Pigs can be loud. Birds sing a lot. I like hearing all the sounds. Bears can be loud. Quiet animals are fun to see. Giraffes are so tall. Zebras are quiet. The camel has two humps. These animals do not make noise. My pets are my favorite animals. I have a large dog. He is sweet. My cat is wild. I still like it. These animals are fun. I would like to have more animals. Animals make me smile.
[129]	Finding the perfect gift for a friend	Choosing a special gift for a friend can be a challenge, especially if you want it to feel personal. The best gifts often reflect the friend’s hobbies, favorite colors, or interests. Some people pay attention during conversations to learn what their friends like or need. Handmade gifts, like a painted picture, a collection of favorite songs, or a homemade cake, can show extra thought and care. Sometimes, friends enjoy shared experiences more than objects, such as tickets to a concert, a movie, or a fun day out together. It’s also important to consider the occasion and your budget. Little things, like a nice card with kind words, can mean a lot and do not have to be expensive. Giving a gift can be a good way to say thank you, celebrate a birthday, or simply show appreciation for the friendship. Even if the present is simple, the effort and thought behind it can make your friend feel special. In the end, the most important thing is the feeling and message the gift brings.
[130]	Fishing with Dad	One day last summer Tito and his dad went fishing for brook trout. It was an overcast day with a chance of rain, so the fish should bite. Tito didn’t know why overcast days were best for fishing, but his dad said they usually were. Tito had dug up some worms the night before in his yard. He kept them in a little bucket and occasionally he peeked into the bucket to see them moving around. He felt kind of bad for the worms and wondered if they knew they were going to be eaten by fish. His dad told him worms didn’t have any thoughts or feelings and he hoped that was true. Tito wanted to use bait from the store, but his dad said they should do it “the old-fashioned way.” That was another thing Tito wondered: Why did his dad always think the old-fashioned way was better? Maybe someday he’d figure it out. He couldn’t wait until he was older and knew all the things his dad knew. They caught eight little fish that day and roasted them in tin foil over a fire. His dad had brought a lemon and salt and pepper. The fish tasted amazing. Tito was glad his dad knew so much about how to have a great summer day fishing.
[131]	Football Try-outs	Tyler woke up early. This is the day he would try out for the football team at his high school. He was a freshman in high school. He knew he would most likely make the team--the team was very large and he had gone to all the practices--but he hoped to impress the coaches with his running skills because he wanted to be a running back. All summer, they had practiced very early in the morning every Monday through Thursday. He had woken up at 6:30 a.m. each of those days so he could eat breakfast before he left; he needed fuel for the three-hour practices. Sometimes they practiced in the afternoon as well. Those were hard days because it was so hot. The coaches told the kids to be sure to drink lots of water because they didn’t want anyone to get dehydrated. Today he had to be there at 7 a.m. He ate a large breakfast and then his mom drove him to the high school football field. To try out, he would have to run, throw and catch the football, and block and tackle other players. He hoped his skills would be enough to earn him a position on the junior varsity team--hopefully as a running back.
[132]	Free Time and Activities	Frank, Louie, Kristen, and Rebecca are all very good friends, but they each like different activities. Frank and Louie probably have the most in common. The two boys love to play video games together, and they enjoy spending time on the computer. Often, the two surf the web, and they even create video blogs about gaming. When they are not playing games, the two are very musical and practice playing their instruments together. Frank plays the drums, and Louie is learning how to play the guitar. They are hoping that one of the girls learns to play an instrument, too, so that they can form a band. Kristen and Rebecca have a very close relationship as well. The two like to spend a lot of time at the mall and they like to shop together online. Kristen is athletic, and she is always finding something different to do during every season of the year. During the summer, she swims. In the fall, she rides horseback. During the winter, she likes to ski, and during the spring she likes to ride her bike on local trails. Rebecca is not as athletic. She likes to read books, spend time with her family, and she also studies a lot for school. Usually on weekends, the four friends find time to meet up together. They sometimes go to restaurants for a quick meal. On other occasions, they go to the bowling alley, to the ice-skating rink, or to the local cinema to see a movie.
[133]	George Adopts a New Dog	On Tuesday, George was very excited. He was going to adopt a new dog! That very morning, George drove his car to the dog pound to pick out which dog he would adopt. It was a difficult choice! There were three dogs to choose from. The first dog had yellow hair. The second dog had brown hair. The third dog had black and white spots. They were all good dogs! But George could only adopt one dog. George decided to adopt the dog with black and white spots. He decided to call the dog Sam. Sam was so happy to be adopted by George! Whenever Sam saw George, he wagged his tail. From that day forward, Sam and George became best friends. Their favorite thing to do was to go to the park. Their favorite thing to do at the park was to play fetch. They went to the park every Saturday. It was their favorite day of the week!
[134]	Getting ready for the Day	Lily ate some cereal and a slice of buttered toast. She quickly put on her suitcoat, put her black purse around her left shoulder and she went to the front door. She looked at the shoe stand next to the door and she picked out a shiny pair of black heels. After putting her shoes on, she reached into the bowl on top of the shoe stand and she pulled out her keys. She stepped outside, locked the front door and walked over to her gray truck. She got in the car, buckled her seat belt, smiled and thought about her plans she's the CEO of her business.
[135]	Giving Directions	Mr. Smith: Excuse me, sir. Could you please help me with directions? Pedestrian: Sure! Where is it that you need to go? Mr. Smith: I am trying to find the Walnut Street Train Station. I am visiting the city for a day, and I am lost! Pedestrian: No worries! It’s not that far from here. I can clearly guide you. Mr. Smith: Thank you! Pedestrian: You’re currently on Main Street. What you need to do is continue down Main Street to where it intersects with 10th Avenue. It’s only three city blocks from here. Be sure to cross at the intersection. Mr. Smith: Okay, that’s easy enough, then what? Pedestrian: After you cross at the intersection, you will see a fountain on the corner and a big mural painted on the building in the background. Turn right at the fountain on 10th Avenue, and continue walking for two more city blocks. Mr. Smith: Right at the fountain and then two more city blocks... I’ll remember that. Then, what? Pedestrian: Now, you’ll be at the intersection of 10th Avenue and Walnut Street. You should see the entrance to the train station on the opposite side of the crosswalk. Where is your train headed? Mr. Smith: I am going north to the suburbs. Do you know where I can go to get to the right train track? Pedestrian: You’ll follow through the concourse and take the first left to get to your railway platform. Mr. Smith: Great. That’s not hard to remember. How long do you think it will take me to get there? Pedestrian: You will probably need between 5-10 minutes if you walk quickly. Mr. Smith: Yikes! I’ll have to hurry. I have a train to catch in 15 minutes! Thank you for your help! Pedestrian: No problem! It’s my pleasure to help you! Enjoy your trip!
[136]	Gordon’s big Dinner	Gordon likes to cook for his friends. One day, he invited three friends to his house for a big Sunday dinner. Each of his friends has a special diet, so Gordon carefully planned the menu. Gordon’s friend Amelia does not eat meat; his friend Carlos needs a low-sugar diet, and his friend Jermaine cannot eat fatty foods. For the first course, Gordon prepared a salad with carrots, lettuce and low-fat dressing. The main dish was spaghetti with homemade tomato sauce. Gordon served meatballs separately from the tomato sauce. As a dessert, Gordon baked apples and stuffed them with cinnamon and brown sugar. Gordon’s friends enjoyed the meal and appreciated Gordon’s planning.
[137]	Grandfather's Cap	Most of us keep at least one item for its sentimental value. For me, it was my grandfather's cap. I gave it to him as a gift when I went to school in Alabama. My parents told me he wore that cap everywhere. Grandpa died in 1995 still miss him every day. I held on to that cap after Grandma gave it back to me after his funeral. For years I couldn't bring myself to get rid of it. After 24 years, I finally gave away the cap. It still held sentimental value, but it was taking up space. I gave the cap to my brother. I don't need the cap anymore because I still have happy memories of my grandfather.
[138]	Greetings and Introductions	Dialogue 1 John: Hello. My name is John. Nice to meet you! Sarah: Hi, John. I’m Sarah. How is your day going? John: It’s been a great first day on the job. Have you worked here long? Sarah: I’ve worked here for a year. It’s a great company. John: That’s good to hear. I was very happy to be hired. Sarah: We’re very glad to have you! I’ll let you get settled, but let me know if you need anything. John: Thanks! Sarah: You’re welcome. Dialogue 2 Receptionist: Good morning! How are you today? Mr. Jones: Good morning. I’m fine, thank you! Receptionist: How can I help you today? Mr. Jones: I have an appointment with Dr. Walters scheduled for 9:30. Receptionist: Can I have your name, please? Mr. Jones: Michael Jones. Receptionist: Thank you. Dr. Walters is running a little behind today. Mr. Jones: That’s fine. I can wait a few extra minutes. Receptionist: Alright. You can take a seat over there in the waiting area. Would you mind updating some personal information on this paperwork? Mr. Jones: No, problem. I’ll have this back to you as soon as I can. Receptionist: Thank you. We’ll call your name as soon as Dr. Walters is ready. Dialogue 3 Jim: Hey, buddy! What’s up? Ryan: What’s up, man. How’ve you been? Jim: Great. I just got back from playing basketball. You should have come. Ryan: I wish that I could have been there. I had to work earlier today. Jim: Oh. That’s a bummer. We’ll make sure to invite you next time. Ryan: Awesome, thanks! Jim: Well, see you around! Ryan: Later, man!
[139]	Helping a friend relocate to a new apartment	Moving to a new place can be stressful, but having friends willing to help can make all the difference. Last weekend, my close friend Maria was moving across town. She asked a few of us to help with packing and carrying boxes. We used the opportunity not just to help her, but also to reminisce about memories from her old apartment. While we worked, we shared stories, listened to music, and even discovered some forgotten items buried in the back of her closet. The heavy lifting seemed lighter because we did it together. By the end of the day, Maria’s new apartment was full of boxes and tired friends. Even though we were exhausted, we all felt a sense of achievement. We ordered pizza, sat on the floor, and planned how to decorate her new living room. Helping Maria move wasn’t just a physical task—it was a chance to show support and create new memories. It reminded all of us how friendship often means showing up for each other during big life changes, even if it only involves moving a couch or two.
[140]	Hiking	When the first light came through the window, Jason awoke and jumped up. He wanted to start hiking early, before it got too hot. He hurried and got dressed and ate breakfast. There was a trail only a few blocks from his house, so he made it there while the sun was still low in the sky. He wanted to hike five miles that day. He thought he could do that much before he had to come back and start doing chores. He had made it a mile when he saw a strange-looking heap ahead on the side of the trail. As he got closer, he saw that it was a person, a teenage boy like himself, who looked like he was in pain. When Jason asked if he could help, the boy said he had sprained his ankle and couldn’t walk unaided. He asked if Jason could find him a walking stick, and perhaps help him back to the start of the trail. Jason was disappointed that he wouldn’t be able to hike the five miles, but he knew he would want someone to help him in the same situation. He looked around until he found a sturdy piece of wood that was long enough to be a walking stick. He helped his new friend up and supported him while he hobbled. It took a long time to go back the entire mile, and they often had to take breaks. When they got back, the sun was high in the sky and Jason knew he’d be late to start his chores. His mom would understand, though, once he explained what had happened. He exchanged phone numbers with his new friend and they agreed to go hiking together once his ankle was better.
[141]	How to make your own celebration at home	Sometimes, it is not possible to go out or visit friends and family for celebrations. This can happen because of bad weather, travel problems, or personal reasons. However, you can still have a meaningful celebration at home. Start by decorating your space with lights, candles, or paper crafts. You can prepare your favorite foods and play music that makes you feel happy. Even if you are alone, set the table nicely and treat yourself kindly. Planning small activities, like watching a holiday movie or reading a good book, can make the day special. You can also connect with family or friends using technology. Video calls, online games, or sharing photos make it easier to celebrate together even from far away. Sending cards or small gifts in the mail is another way to stay close to your loved ones. If you want, you can create new traditions, like writing a letter to yourself for next year or making a list of things you are grateful for. With creativity, you can enjoy a lovely celebration at home, no matter your situation.
[142]	Interests	Marina and Erin are best friends, but they have very different interests. Marina is a very artistic person. In her free time, she likes to do things that keep her mind active and that make her think. She enjoys reading books, and usually reads one book per week. She listens to music, too. One of her favorite things to do is to write in her journal the song lyrics that inspire her most. Marina is learning how to play the guitar, and she hopes to one day write her own music. When Marina goes out on the weekends, she likes to go to the movie theater to watch popular films. She is a major film buff, and she enjoys watching a lot of classic movies, too.Erin is much more athletic than Marina and likes to stay physically active. She plays both soccer and basketball through school, and she loves to dance. During the summer, her favorite activity is swimming in her backyard pool. For as much as she is active, Erin also likes to eat and cook a lot of food. She frequently goes shopping in the supermarket and walks around the aisles to find the perfect ingredients for her next dish. Erin often invites Marina to her house to try her newest recipes. The two get along very well with each other, and they both think that their interests complement each other’s personality.
[143]	Inviting someone to a Christmas celebration	Inviting someone to your Christmas celebration can be exciting, especially if they have never joined your traditions before. You can invite people by telephone, by message, or with a paper invitation. If you are learning English, practice saying, “Would you like to join us for Christmas dinner?” or “We would love to celebrate Christmas together.” Including a few details, like the time and place, helps your guest feel comfortable and prepared for your event. When your guest arrives, welcome them warmly and show them around. If your family has special holiday customs, such as singing songs or sharing a special meal, explain these in simple words. You can say, “We always sing carols before dinner,” or “We exchange gifts after eating.” If your guest is from a different culture, ask them about their own traditions too. Inviting someone to celebrate together is a wonderful way to learn about each other and make new memories during the holiday season.
[144]	Jack loves to play Basketball	Basketball is Jack’s favorite sport. He is very good at dribbling the basketball. Dribbling is when you bounce the ball from your hand to the ground. Jack has been playing basketball for fifteen years. He wants to teach his son how to play basketball someday. When Jack was younger, he played basketball on a team. On Jack’s team, there were ten people. Jack was good at shooting the ball too. Shooting is when you try to throw the basketball in the basketball hoop. Jack said that one year his team won every game that they played. This means that Jack’s team was undefeated.
[145]	John got Hurt	John was running home from school yesterday. He was running in the street. When he was in the street, he fell and got hurt. John hurt his knee and started to cry. When he cried, tears came out of his eyes. Then his tears began to fall down his cheeks. When John cried, he was loud. He was hurt very badly. He went home, and his mom helped him. His mom cleaned up his knee with a wet rag. John was bleeding because his knee was cut. After his mom cleaned up John’s knee, his mom put a band aid on his knee.
[146]	Journal entry	What a busy weekend! Today is Saturday, and I just want to spend a little bit of time jotting down some thoughts here in my journal before I go out for lunch. It’s hard visiting Philadelphia in only one weekend, but I’ve already done a lot, and I look forward to the remainder of my trip. Yesterday I left from Boston at 12:00 in the afternoon. I decided to drive, and the trip should have taken around 6 hours, but because of traffic around New York City and in Philadelphia itself, I did not arrive until 7:15. I quickly checked into the hotel, but because I was hungry, I decided to take a walk, and I found a coffee shop for a bite to eat. I spent about a half hour at the coffee shop. I learned that I was in a neighborhood of the city famous for small local art galleries. I decided to spend the rest of the evening visiting the galleries and viewing the art. I arrived back at the hotel around 10:30 and fell asleep almost immediately. Today, I woke up early to do some sightseeing. The alarm rang at 7:00 this morning. I quickly ate breakfast, and then I spent a couple of hours sightseeing. The Philadelphia Museum of Art did not open until 10:00, but I wanted to try to get there on time to avoid long lines. The museum held a special exhibit on ancient Greek sculpture, which I enjoyed a lot. It’s now 11:45, and I just got back to the hotel to freshen up before meeting with friends for lunch. I look forward to the rest of my trip. My friends live here in Philadelphia. They are going to take me on the historical tour from colonial times when Philadelphia was the capital city of the United States. Afterward, we plan on having dinner together. We’ve already made reservations for 6:30 this evening. Afterwards, we plan on going out on the town to enjoy the city’s nightlife. Tomorrow is a bit open-ended. I want to do some shopping in the morning in addition to visiting some famous landmarks. I hope to leave by 1:00 in the afternoon in order to make it back to Boston by 7:00 tomorrow night.
[147]	Keeping old customs alive during Christmas	Christmas is a time when many families like to keep the old customs alive. For some, this means singing traditional songs together in the evening. Others follow customs like lighting candles each Sunday before Christmas during Advent. In some cultures, people still bake special cakes or cookies that have been passed down through generations. Making and giving handmade gifts is another tradition that some families enjoy. These old customs help everyone feel closer and remember the past. These traditions bring a sense of comfort and joy because they are repeated each year. Young children learn about family customs from their parents and grandparents. Sometimes, families add new customs along with the old. This way, each year feels both familiar and special. No matter the custom, celebrating together gives Christmas deeper meaning and helps to create happy memories for everyone.
[148]	Learning how to knit a Scarf	My grandma taught me how to knit a scarf when I was eight years old. It is not hard to knit a scarf. First, you need two knitting needles. Then you need yarn. You should pick a color you like. For my first scarf, I picked yellow because that is my favorite color. My grandma gave me my first knitting needles. They were made of wood. She said wood was easier for me to hold with my little hands. Then she showed me how to knit. The first step is to make a slip knot and put it on one of the knitting needles. Then you make more loops around the knitting needle. After that, you use both needles to knit. My first scarf was not the best one I ever made, but I was proud of it.
[149]	Learning to Swim	David had just been invited to spend a week at his friend’s beach house, but he wasn’t sure if he wanted to go because he didn’t know how to swim. He was a little embarrassed to admit that, at 18, he had never taken lessons nor learned it on his own. He really wanted to go, though, because he was interested in a girl that would be there. He had a month until the planned vacation, so he decided he would learn how to swim in a month. He arranged for four hour-long lessons with a private instructor. His first lesson involved learning to float. First he floated on his stomach and then on his back. It wasn’t easy--his instructor Sam said some swimmers just can’t float as easily as others--but finally he did it well enough to be passed off. The next lesson he learned the mechanics of swimming the freestyle stroke, or the front crawl. It’s called the freestyle stroke because most swimmers in competitions choose to do this in the freestyle event because it is the fastest. David practiced turning his head to the side to breathe while his arm was lifted above the water. At the end of the lesson, he tried to actually swim a few times, but always foundered after a few strokes. The third lesson he practiced treading water, which wasn’t too hard. He also practiced swimming freestyle again and was able to go the length of the pool by the end of the lesson. During the last lesson, he perfected his freestyle swimming stroke and learned the basics of other swimming styles: the backstroke, the breaststroke, and the butterfly stroke. He wasn’t perfect, but he could finally say he knew how to swim.
[150]	Looking for my best Friend	I rush out the door, anxiety covering my face. I look around the yard and I can't see Biscuit at all! Where did he run off to? I immediately go to the left, towards the woods next to my house. I'm at the edge within seconds and I begin to look through the different trees. Luckily, it was fall, so the leaves were on the ground and they didn't obstruct my view. As I looked around the woods for my puppy, I felt a vibration in my pocket. I pulled out my phone and saw who called me: Angie. As I answer the call, my sister tells me that Biscuit is under the bed.
[151]	Making a Fire	Making a fire is easy. I will help my dad make fires in our yard. First, we get wood. The wood is what we will burn. Second, we get paper. Third, we put the paper into our fire pit on the ground. Fourth, we will put the little sticks on top of the paper. Little sticks are easy to burn. Fifth, we put the bigger pieces of wood on top of the little sticks. Sixth, my dad will get a lighter. The lighter is used to start the fire. Last, my dad will light the paper. The paper is easy to light. The paper will burn the small sticks. The small sticks will burn the big pieces of wood.
[152]	Making Comparisons	The following are descriptions of four players trying out for their school’s soccer team. Kevin: Kevin is 15 years old. He is over 6 feet tall, and he is a very fast runner. Kevin likes to run long distances, and he is very good at taking the ball back and forth both ends of the field. He likes to play midfield because he is good at defense and offense. This is his first time trying out for the team, but the coaches think he will be a great new teammate. Arnie: Arnie is 16 years old. He is 5 feet 9 inches tall, and he is a very strong goalie. He played for the team last year. Arnie does not like to run long distances, but he is very talented at defending the goal. When Arnie is playing, it’s rare that opposing players can score. During his tryouts, Arnie did not let a single goal into the net. The coaches know that Arnie’s talents are necessary for the team. Nathan: Nathan is 17 years old. He is exactly 6 feet tall. He has played for the team for two years. Nathan is a talented defender who enjoys running. Nathan also has shown strong leadership skills during his previous years on the team. The coaches feel that he’s the best choice to be the team’s captain. Quinn: Quinn is only 14 years old. He is 5 feet 7 inches tall, and he is a very intelligent player. Quinn can sprint very quickly, but he needs more training to run long distances. Quinn always thinks about where to pass the ball in order to help his teammates score a goal. Although Quinn is a new student to the school, the coaches think he will make a great center fielder with some additional practice and conditioning.
[153]	Making new holiday traditions with friends	Every year, many people look forward to spending the holidays with their families. However, sometimes friends can become like family, especially if your relatives live far away. Making new holiday traditions with friends can bring a lot of joy and create lasting memories. You might decide to host a holiday movie night, have a potluck dinner where each person brings a dish, or exchange small handmade gifts. These new traditions do not need to be expensive or complicated; the main goal is to have fun and enjoy being together. Creating traditions with friends also allows everyone to share customs from their own cultures or backgrounds. For example, one friend might introduce a holiday dessert from their country, and another might teach everyone a festive song. This can help everyone feel included and respected, even if their holidays look different from others. Over time, these activities can become meaningful parts of your holiday celebrations, making the season feel special even when you are away from family.
[154]	Making the most of a rainy day indoors	Waking up to rainy weather can feel disappointing, especially if you had outdoor plans. However, rainy days also offer a chance to enjoy cozy indoor activities. You might use the time to read a book, cook a new recipe, or watch a movie you’ve been wanting to see. Sometimes, doing art or puzzles can be relaxing and break up your routine. Many people find that rainy days allow them to slow down, rest, and recharge, making them feel better afterward. Rainy days are also a good opportunity to catch up on things you’ve been putting off. You could organize your closet, clean the kitchen, or sort out paperwork. If you live with others, it can be a great time for playing games or talking together. Even simple things like listening to music or enjoying a hot drink by the window can be rewarding. By focusing on the positive side, you might begin to look forward to the calm that rainy days can bring.
[155]	Moving to a new apartment in the city	Moving to a new apartment can be an exciting but stressful experience. First, you should look for apartments that fit your budget and needs. You might visit different places and talk to agents or landlords. After finding the right apartment, you need to sign a rental contract and pay a deposit, which is usually one or two months’ rent. Before moving day, remember to pack your clothes, dishes, and other important things in boxes. Label the boxes so it is easier to find your things later. On moving day, you may ask your friends or family to help you. If you have many things, you can rent a moving truck. When you arrive at your new place, it is good to clean it before arranging your furniture. After everything is inside, unpack your boxes and put your things in their new places. It may take a few days to feel comfortable in your new apartment. Don’t forget to update your address for mail and tell your friends where you live now. Moving can be hard, but it is also a chance for a new beginning.
[156]	My Feelings	I have a lot of different feelings. Holidays make me excited. One holiday is Christmas. It is fun. My birthday is entertaining. I think Easter and Thanksgiving are great too. Holidays are a great time for being together. This makes me feel special. Some days are not happy. If I have too much to do, I feel sad. If I cannot figure something out, I feel confused. If it is too cold, I am not as happy. Rainy days can be boring. Getting lost would be scary. Learning something new would be great. I have a lot of emotions in my life.
[157]	My House	My house is located in the suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts. I have lived in my house for three years. I used to have an apartment in the city. My house has a yellow exterior and a navy blue door and shutters. I have a driveway where I park my car because I use my garage for storage. My house has two floors and a basement. The front windows face the direction of the rising sun, so my house receives a lot of light throughout the day. I can see sunsets from the back windows, which look out to my backyard. The first floor of my house has an entryway, a living room, an office, a kitchen and dining area, and a small bathroom. I spend a lot of time in the living room. I have a sofa and a comfortable reclining chair. I also have a coffee table and matching end tables. I mostly spend time in the living room to watch television or to read books. My computer is on a desk in my office. I only spend time in the office to do research or to pay my bills. Frequently, I invite friends over to my house for dinner parties. I often prepare food in the kitchen, and I serve my friends at my large dining room table. My table can seat eight guests, so there’s usually plenty of room for everyone to sit. When I am tired, I go up the stairs to the second floor, where I prepare for bed. The second floor of my house has three bedrooms. There is a bathroom attached to my bedroom, and it has a shower, toilet, and small sink. After I finish my bedtime routine, I lay down in bed and write in my journal. I also place a glass of water on the nightstand next to my bed in case I get thirsty in the middle of the night. I really do enjoy having my own home!
[158]	My Kitchen	The kitchen is my favorite room in the house. I love the large cabinets that hold my cooking supplies. Inside the cabinets are pots and pans, baking dishes, and cookie sheets. The plates and bowls are also stored inside the cabinets. My kitchen drawers hold some important items too. There are forks, spoons, and knives inside them that I use to eat everyday. I love being inside my kitchen because there are some other really special things that are on top of the counter, like a cutting board and the microwave. My absolute favorite thing in the kitchen though, is the coffee pot.
[159]	My Small Hometown	My hometown is a small place. There are many things I love about it. The park is a nice place. It has a walking track. The park also has a new playground. It has a big swing. Many people visit the park. There are benches. My small hometown does not have any large malls. There are many small stores in my hometown. My favorite store is the bakery. The bakery has been open for over 100 years. It has a lot of neat pictures. A movie theater was added to my hometown. It was built last year. My family and I visit it sometimes. It has four different screens. Lots of people love the country feel of my hometown. My hometown is small, but I love it.
[160]	Noah´s Snack	I decided to make a snack. I found bread and turkey. I took some lettuce from the package. Next, I had to slice the tomato. I used a knife. I was very careful. I used a butter knife to spread mayo on the bread. I placed the turkey next. I could not find any cheese. I added lettuce and tomato. Then, I cut the sandwich in half. When I sat my sandwich down, my dog came over. I told him, „You can have a snack too.“ I gave him a treat. I said, „Ziggy, you don't get to eat my sandwich.“ I smiled at him. I said, „Good boy.“ He wagged his tail. Then, he ran off to get his toy.
[161]	Ordering Food	Stephanie was hungry after a long day at work. She dialed her favorite pizza parlor on her cell phone. “Tony’s Pizza. This is Kyle speaking. Will this be for pick up or delivery?” a man answered. “Delivery,” Stephanie said. “And what can I get for you tonight?” Kyle asked. “I’d like a vegetarian pizza with extra mushrooms please.” Stephanie could hear Kyle punching in her order. “What size?” “Let’s go with large.” Stephanie knew she would be able to have leftovers the next day for lunch. “And your address and phone number please,” Kyle said. Stephanie quickly told Kyle her address and phone number. “Great,” he said after she was done. “That will be $22.50 and the pizza should be there in about 30 minutes.”
[162]	Organizing a surprise for someone special	Organizing a surprise for a family member or friend is both exciting and challenging. The first step is to think about what the person likes and what would really make them happy. It could be a surprise dinner, a small gift, or even just decorating their room with their favorite colors and balloons. Planning the surprise requires secrecy and teamwork, especially if others are helping to keep it a secret. On the day of the surprise, there is usually a lot of excitement and maybe even some nervousness about whether everything will go as planned. When the big moment arrives and the person discovers the surprise, the look of happiness on their face makes all the effort worthwhile. Organizing these surprises not only brings joy to the person being surprised but also strengthens relationships and creates special memories that everyone involved will remember for a long time.
[163]	Our Pets	In our house, we have many pets. We have two dogs, one cat, and three fish. Our dogs are named Buddy and Herman. They are both black with a few white spots on their tails. They are very friendly, and they love playing with other dogs and people. Our cat is named Sally. She is a gray cat with long, soft fur and green eyes. She is not very friendly to strangers, but she loves us. Our three fish are named Bubbles, Irma, and Howdy. They are gold and shiny. Every morning, we feed all the animals before we go to work. When we get home, Buddy and Herman are very happy to see us. Sometimes we will feed Buddy and Herman some bacon if they behave well. Sally likes tuna or milk as a treat.
[164]	Outdoors With My Dog Fido!	When I am feeling sad, my favorite thing to do is take my dog Fido to the park. Our favorite season to go to the park is in summer. Fido is two years old. He has yellow fur and brown eyes. He loves to run through the park. Sometimes he likes to lay beneath the shady trees. Other times he likes to lay in the sun and sleep. His favorite game to play is fetch. Fido is such a friendly dog! He is friendly to everyone he meets. He is even friendly to cats! After a few hours at the park, Fido and I are both tired. After a long day, we are both happy that we got to spend time at the park. We both feel better when we're outdoors!
[165]	Phone Conversation	Samantha: Hi, Mom! I am calling to let you know that our flight just landed in London. Mom: I am so glad to hear that you both arrived safely. How was your flight? Samantha: The flight was quite nice, actually. We hit a few minutes of turbulence after meals were served, but the remainder of the flight was very calm. We were even able to get some rest. Mom: That’s good to hear! You know how much of a nervous flyer I am, and I was worried for you. And your luggage? Did everything arrive on time? Samantha: Yes. We had to wait a few minutes at baggage claim, but eventually everything came out onto the conveyor belt. I am so glad you bought us those colorful luggage tags. We could spot out bags immediately! Mom: It’s good to know that everything is off to a good start, and you could claim your luggage without any problems. How is Ryan doing? Samantha: He’s great, thanks for asking. He’s actually really excited because this is his first time in Europe. Right now, he is arranging for us to have a car take us to our hotel. Mom: Once you get to the hotel, take some time to get settled, but you should stay active and go out and explore the city. The best way to fight jet lag is to keep pushing through the day. You may be tired, but you will sleep very well tonight and feel great tomorrow! Samantha: That’s a good idea. We’ll be sure to take your advice. It looks like Ryan is on his way back. Everything with the car must be ready to go. Tell Dad that I love him and miss him! Mom: I’m happy that you called and that your honeymoon is off to a great start. I love you! Samantha: I love you too! I’ll call you again in a few days when there’s some downtime. Bye!
[166]	Planting a Garden	Maggie wanted a garden. She wanted to plant vegetables. She got seeds for corn, beans, peas, and carrots. She liked to eat cooked vegetables, but she also liked to eat them right out of the garden. Peas were the best right out of the garden because she did not even have to wash them first. She planted corn in the first row. She planted beans in the second row. She planted peas in the third row. She planted carrots in the fourth row. She only wanted one row of each because she lived alone. Maggie did not think she could eat more than four rows of vegetables. In case she forgot, she made little seed packet sticks to show what was planted in each row. She stuck each stick in each row. Now she had to wait for the vegetables to grow.
[167]	Potato Farm	My mom grew up on a potato farm in the state of Idaho. Idaho is famous for its potatoes. Apparently the climate and soil create perfect conditions for growing potatoes with high solids and low moisture content, which makes them fluffier and tastier. Mom and her six brothers and sisters worked hard on the farm. One of the toughest jobs was moving irrigation pipes to make sure all the crops had enough water. She developed strong arm muscles. She also often helped her mom, my grandma, with food preparation. My grandma had the job of making three meals a day for all the hired hands on the farm. There were about 20 hired hands, so she always seemed to be in the kitchen cooking or cleaning up. They didn’t have much money, and my mom learned to be very frugal. She was born just after the Great Depression ended, so just about everyone in the country had learned to be very careful with money, food and supplies. My mom’s family didn’t waste anything. They made infrequent trips to the local grocery store, and they only bought what they absolutely needed. My mom says all her kids are spoiled because we never had to work as hard as she did, but I think she is happy that our lives are easier than hers was.
[168]	Reflecting on New Year’s Eve traditions	New Year’s Eve is a special night celebrated in many countries around the world. People often gather with friends and family to say goodbye to the past year and welcome the new one. Common customs include making a toast at midnight, setting off fireworks, and watching the countdown on television. Some people like to wear special clothes or eat lucky foods to bring good fortune in the coming year. For example, in Spain, people eat twelve grapes at midnight, one for each stroke of the clock, to bring luck for each month. Not everyone celebrates the same way. Some prefer a quiet evening at home, maybe watching movies or writing in a journal about their hopes for the next year. Others attend large parties or go out to see fireworks displays in public squares. No matter how you choose to spend New Year’s Eve, it is a time to celebrate, reflect on the past year’s memories, and look forward to new beginnings. It is a holiday that brings people together and fills everyone with hope for what’s to come.
[169]	Renting a bicycle to explore a city	Cycling has become one of the most popular ways to discover a new city, especially in places with good bike lanes and beautiful scenery. Many tourists rent bicycles so they can see more areas in less time compared to walking. When riding a bike, you can decide your own route and stop wherever you want, such as at a small café or a street market. Compared to public transport, renting a bike is often cheaper and provides more flexibility. Most rental shops offer different types of bicycles and even have helmets, locks, and maps for visitors. Before setting off, cyclists should learn the traffic rules of the city and make sure their bikes are in good condition. It is important to be aware of other vehicles and people on the roads, especially during busy times of day. Some cities have special bike tours, guided by locals who show the main sights and hidden spots. If the weather is nice, cycling is also a healthy and environmentally friendly choice. Renting a bicycle is a great way for visitors to experience a city’s atmosphere, see unique places, and stay active during their trip.
[170]	Renting a Car	I was very excited for my road trip to the coast, but first, I needed to get my rental car. “Hi, how can I help you?” the worker asked when I walked into the car rental business. Her name tag said Lisa. “Hi, my name is Joseph Sanders. I have reserved a car for the week of the 14th.” Lisa smiled and typed a few things into her computer. “I see here you have a compact car for the week. Would you like to add any extra insurance to your rental agreement?” Lisa asked. “Yes, please,” I responded. “Great,” Lisa said. “Please sign here Mr. Sanders.” Lisa set some papers on the counter and a pen. I signed on the line. Then it was time to pay. After I paid Lisa, she gave me the keys and showed me the blue compact car in the lot. I loaded my suitcase and was on the road in no time.
[171]	Road Trip	The Jensen family started the long drive to the state of California. It would take them 14 hours to get there, but they planned to stop in the state of Nevada halfway there. They took their passenger van rather than their sedan because everyone wanted to have as much room as possible. The eight-year-old twins, Lucy and Leah, were in the middle. They always wanted to be together but they often quarreled, so they might have to be separated later on. Dad was in the driver’s seat. He would switch off with his wife and his daughter Jenny when he got tired. Mom was in the passenger seat looking at a map of Sequoia National Park. They were going to San Francisco, one of California’s largest cities, and she wanted them to stop and see the giant trees at Sequoia National Park on the way there. It would add a few hours to the trip, though, so she was trying to talk everyone into it. Jenny, 16, and Benny, 14, were in the back. Jenny had just gotten her driver’s license so she was excited to help drive. Benny was a little envious--he couldn’t wait until he was old enough to drive. All their luggage was in the area at the very back. Dad had told everyone to pack light so they would have enough room.
[172]	Running errands	Martha's SituationMartha sees bananas are on sale. Bananas are usually 3 dollars per bunch, but they are 1 dollar today. Martha wants 3 bunches of bananas because she is going to make banana bread. This would normally cost Martha 9 dollars, but today it costs Martha 3 dollars. Martha saved 6 dollars.Martha also needs 2 bags of flour and 2 bags of sugar. Flour costs 3 dollars per 5-pound bag. Sugar costs 4 dollars per 5-pound bag. It costs 6 dollars for the flour and 8 dollars for the sugar. Together, they cost 14 dollars.In total, Martha spends 3 dollars on 3 bunches of bananas, 6 dollars on 2 bags of flour, and 8 dollars on 2 bags of sugar. Martha pays 17 dollars for 7 items.Read more: Martha in the supermarketPaul and Sandra's SituationPaul and Sandra go to a steak restaurant. The steaks are 2 dollars per ounce. A 12-ounce steak is 24 dollars. Paul and Sandra both want a 12-ounce steak. They pay 48 dollars for both steaks. Sandra puts 60 dollars on the table, leaving the 12 dollars in change as a tip for their waiter.On the way home, they need to get gasoline for Paul’s car. Gas costs 3 dollars a gallon. He needs to get 15 gallons of gasoline. Paul must 45 dollars at the gas station. Paul pays 50 dollars and he gets 5 dollars of change back in change from the cashier.Read more: Paul and Sandra in the restaurant
[173]	Seasons of the Year	Each of the seasons are different. Spring is when flowers bloom. Trees bud. There is lots of rain. Some families plant crops. In the summer, it is hot. The days are longer. People can enjoy lots of sunshine. Kids enjoy being out of school. The fall season is filled with change. Leaves change colors. Many trees start to lose their leaves. The temperatures get cooler. Winter is the coldest season. Sometimes it snows. Trees are bare. There are no more leaves. It gets dark a lot earlier. The four seasons have different temperatures. Many people have a favorite season.
[174]	Sophie takes the Shot	Sophie knew that this kick would determine if her team won the game. She could see the exact angle she needed to kick the soccer ball so it could roll right into the goal. The enemy team was rushing behind her, so she needed to take her shot and go for the win. The score was tied, two points for each side. If she could kick this ball correctly, then her high-school team would win the match. Even though she was in tenth grade, she could prove herself if she made the shot. She noticed that the goalie made her way to the right, so Sophie seized her opportunity. She kicked the ball and scored the winning point!
[175]	Surprise Party	Lily was having a surprise birthday party for her friend Graci. Ten friends were meeting at Lily’s house at 5:30 p.m. and Graci would arrive at 6 p.m. The plan was for their friends to jump out and yell, “Surprise!” when Graci entered the house. Then they would all have dinner at Lily’s house and birthday cake afterward. Everything was ready for the party except the cake. Lily started to make the cake--Graci’s favorite, chocolate cake with chocolate frosting made with cocoa and butter. As she got out the ingredients, Lily realized she had enough cocoa for the cake but not for the frosting. She put together the cake ingredients and put it in the oven to bake. The cake came out of the oven at 4:30 p.m. She left it on the counter to cool while she hurried to the grocery store for more cocoa. It was 5 p.m. when she returned home with the cocoa, so she had just enough time to make the frosting, frost the cake, and write “Happy Birthday, Graci!” on the cake using a pastry bag. She even had five minutes extra to pipe a top and bottom border on the cake and add a couple of flowers made out of frosting. When the friends began arriving, everything was ready.
[176]	The Baby of the Family	Yesterday, my mommy brought home my new baby sister from the hospital. She was wrapped up in a white blanket with a pink hat on to keep her warm. Mommy said that her name is Penny. I got to hold Penny on the couch while she was sleeping. Mommy sat next to me to make sure I held her right. I think I did a good job because Penny did not cry at all. When Penny was in her crib napping, I went in to check on her. I helped Mommy because I let her know that Penny was crying. I think she wanted to eat because she fell back asleep as soon as she had her bottle. I tried to help Mommy a lot with Penny. After all, I’m not the baby anymore.
[177]	The Bird	Selena was in the basement of her house when she heard a short, high-pitched sound going on and off. The sound seemed to be coming from the small office. Was it an electronic beep? She walked in the direction of the sound, expecting it to be caused by the computer or some other piece of equipment. When she reached the office, to her surprise, she found the sound was being produced outside the window--by a small bird, a swallow, in the window well. As she walked toward the window, the bird kept its eyes fixed on her and kept emitting the chirp. It clearly was asking for her help. Selena worried that it had fallen into the window well and was injured. She hurried outside, trying to decide the best course of action. The window well was fairly deep, so it would be difficult to get into. Once she was in the window well, could she hold the bird and get out? As she approached the window well, though, she realized the problem. Her husband had put grates over the window well. The grates had about three inches between each of the bars, so a bird could fall in but not fly out. As she lifted the grate up, the little bird immediately flew out and into the tree by the side of the house. She felt happy that she was able to help.
[178]	The Garden's last Flowers	It was autumn, and the garden in the backyard was beginning to wilt. Jessica went outside to pick the last of the pretty flowers, hoping to put them into her grandmother’s vase. As she knelt outside in the chill of the October air, she hoped that her garden would look as lovely the next year; only time would tell. This year she had only managed to keep a few flowers alive, but the August sun had been too strong for them. “They’re beautiful,” said Grandmother, when Jessica put them in the vase. Jessica smiled. It didn’t matter if she’d only brought in a few flowers; she was glad that Grandmother liked them.
[179]	The local Donut Shop	In town, there is a donut shop that people love to go to. Most donuts have frosting on them. Some of these donuts have sprinkles. Sprinkles come in all different types of colors. Some donuts have yellow and blue sprinkles on them. Other donuts have red and green sprinkles on them. A few of the donuts have a cream filling inside. These are very good. Some also come with red jelly inside. Some of the donuts are long like a rectangle. Other donuts are round like a circle. Most of the donuts that are round have a hole in the middle. A lot of people like to eat donuts while drinking coffee.
[180]	The most expensive taco	The most expensive Taco in the world costs more than $25,000. You can buy it at a resort in Mexico. Chefs have special beef from Japan flown in for this food.They also use a special ingredient called caviar. Fish eggs are used to make caviar. The fish eggs come from a special white fish.The taco also has a unique cheese made with wild mushrooms and milk. This very expensive taco even has gold in its salsa. The chefs also use the best peppers, alcohol and coffee from Asia to make the salsa.Chefs sprinkle more gold on the top. Then, they serve it to hungry guests. Diners say this taco is delicious. Many, however, say it is not worth the price. They say that there needs to be more than one taco to make them full. They are glad the restaurant offers more choices.The cost of the taco does not include a stay at the resort. Guests spending the night must pay $990 to spend a night at the resort
[181]	The Perils of Winter	I don't like the winter season. It's cold, wet and slippery. I live in a place where it often snows, and once the snow melts, the sidewalks become mushy and dirty. I dream about moving to a hotter place. I would enjoy living on a tropical island. The sun would keep me warm, and I could run along the beach and play in the sand. I could eat fancy fruits and fall asleep to the sounds of the ocean. Should I move to Hawaii? It's supposed to be a beautiful place, but I've heard that it's expensive. Maybe I could move to Bali? Many tourists go there. It might be crowded. It would be nice to win the lottery. If I had enough money, I could buy my own tropical island! No one would be allowed to live there but myself and my dog. These are the thoughts in my head whenever I step into a cold, wet puddle during the winter season. I wish I could move away. Instead, I have to buy a new pair of waterproof boots. My life is hard.
[182]	The story of the first Christmas night	The story of the first Christmas night is known all around the world. It all began in a small town called Bethlehem. Mary and Joseph, a young couple, were traveling there, but the city was very crowded. They could not find a place to stay, so they ended up in a stable with animals. That evening, Mary gave birth to her baby, Jesus. According to the story, there was a bright star above the stable. Wise men from the east saw the star and followed it, bringing gifts for the new baby. Shepherds also visited, guided by angels who told them joyful news about the birth. This story is very important for many people at Christmas time. In many countries, people make small displays called nativity scenes, showing Mary, Joseph, baby Jesus, and the visitors. Children love seeing these and hearing the story. Songs, called Christmas carols, are sung to remember the first Christmas. This special night is seen as a time of peace, hope, and goodwill. Even today, this story brings people together to celebrate and remember the true meaning of Christmas.
[183]	The Summer Season	During summer, it gets very hot. Summer is the hottest time of the year where Mike is from. During the summer, it can get to one hundred degrees. During these days, Mike will usually stay inside. It is too hot to go outside and play. If Mike does go outside and play, he will try to stay under the shade. In the shade, it is cool. It is cool because the sun is blocked. During the summer, birds and bees like to fly around Mike’s home. He doesn't like bees because they might sting him. He does like birds because they are pretty.
[184]	Traffic Control	Trish was heading to work when a police officer flashed his lights and pulled her over. “Hello,” she said to the officer when she rolled down her window. “Did you know you were speeding a bit through that light back there? 15 over the speed limit,”  he told her. “Was I? I didn’t realize I was going so fast.” Trish was really upset. “I’ll need your license and registration please.” The officer waited patiently for Trish to find what she needed. She handed over her drivers license and vehicle registration. “I’ll be right back,” the officer said. He came back a few minutes later and gave Trish her cards back. “I’ll have to write you a ticket for speeding. You need to slow down and pay attention to the speed changes.” After Trish got her ticket, she always tried to slow down like the officer said.
[185]	Trip to New York	The airplane Blake is on is about ready to land in New York. His aunt and grandmother, on the seats next to him, gather their bags in preparation to get off the plane. They plan to visit Ellis Island, where his great-grandfather’s name, Rocko Garoni, is inscribed on the Wall of Honor. Rocko immigrated to the United States from Italy in 1920. He was 16 and came across the ocean all alone to try to find a better life and earn money to send back to his family. The plane trip took five hours, because they flew from Utah to New York. It wasn’t too bad because he could read, watch TV or listen to music in his seat, but it was nice to get up to stretch his legs. As they got off the plane, Blake and his aunt talked about what they should do first. They needed to check into their hotel room, of course, but after that they wanted to visit the Statue of Liberty and maybe try to climb the stairs up to the crown. It was 354 steps, but he wanted to try to do it and his aunt said she would try as well. They planned to go to Ellis Island the next morning.
[186]	What is your favorite Shape?	Sam’s favorite shape is a circle. He likes to look at balloons because they are a circle. For his birthday, he asked his parents to get him a balloon. He also asked for his mom to make him a cake shaped like a circle. Justin’s favorite shape is a rectangle. He likes to collect boxes that look like rectangles. He has ten boxes in his room. Inside of his boxes, he keeps pictures of his family. He likes the pictures because they are rectangles too. Josh’s favorite shape is a square. He likes to play with his blocks because they are squares. Sometimes he will put them together to make big square towers.
[187]	Who Shall Place the Star?	The Smith children were decorating the Christmas tree when a dispute broke out. “I want to put the star on the top,” said the youngest, Amy, who was only six and could not reach the top of the tree. “How?” her older brother Evan asked, laughing. “I’m not going to carry you.” Their mother heard this and called from the kitchen, “You’re supposed to be having holiday fun! Evan, give your sister a lift so that you both can put the star on the tree. It is called teamwork.” When Mother put it that way, it made sense. Feeling remorse for having been unkind, Evan gave his sister a lift; together, they put the star on the tree. Teamwork felt good.
[188]	Why Cats Are Better Pets Than Dogs	Cats are the best pets. They are better than dogs for a lot of reasons. I would never want to own a dog because they are too much work. Here is why cats are the best and easiest pets to care for. Cats never need to go outside to urinate or defecate. You never have to leave work to let a cat go to the bathroom. You don't have to take a cat for long walks either. Cats usually won't destroy the house if you aren't home; dogs will. If you leave for a few days, you can leave a big bowl of food and a big bowl of water for your cat. If the litter box is clean before you leave, your cat will be fine on its own. It will have everything it needs in the house while you are gone. You could never do that with a dog.
[189]	Work at Home vs. At Office	Hello! My name is Regina, and I am self employed. I run a small business from my house selling insurance. What I like about my job is that I have a very flexible schedule, and I can pick how many hours and days per week I work. Normally, I work four days a week, and I try to average 25 hours over those four days. I save a lot of time by working at home because I do not have to worry about driving through a busy commute every day. Frequently, I have meetings over the phone or using the computer with my clients, and sometimes I will travel to meet with clients in person. My job is great because it gives me three-day weekends, and on slower weeks I can work less and get caught up on household chores and my other responsibilities. Hi! I’m Thomas and I work in the city for a marketing company. I live in the suburbs, so each day I travel by train using a monthly rail pass. The rail pass saves me money, and I don’t have to worry about busy traffic each day by driving into the city. I normally work a 40-hour week. During the work day, I have a lot of responsibilities. I try to arrive at the office 15 minutes early to get settled, but throughout the day I have meetings with my boss and coworkers, and I have to handle many emails and phone calls with clients. I receive a one hour lunch break in the middle of the day. Usually, I pack a lunch to save money, but on Fridays I always go out to a cafe or restaurant to grab a bite to eat. I like my job because I have a lot of interaction with other people, and the days go by very quickly.
[190]	Chicago	Keith recently came back from a trip to Chicago, Illinois. This midwestern metropolis is found along the shore of Lake Michigan. During his visit, Keith spent a lot of time exploring the city to visit important landmarks and monuments. Keith loves baseball, and he made sure to take a visit to Wrigley Field. Not only did he take a tour of this spectacular stadium, but he also got to watch a Chicago Cubs game. In the stadium, Keith and the other fans cheered for the Cubs. Keith was happy that the Cubs won with a score of 5-4. Chicago has many historic places to visit. Keith found the Chicago Water Tower impressive as it is one of the few remaining landmarks to have survived the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Keith also took a walk through Jackson Park, a great outdoor space that hosted the World’s Fair of 1892. The park is great for a leisurely stroll, and it still features some of the original architecture and replicas of monuments that were featured in the World’s Fair. During the last part of his visit, Keith managed to climb the stairs inside of the Willis Tower, a 110-story skyscraper. Despite the challenge of climbing the many flights of stairs, Keith felt that reaching the top was worth the effort. From the rooftop, Keith received a gorgeous view of the city’s skyline with Lake Michigan in the background.
[191]	Days of the week	There are seven days of the week, or uniquely named 24-hour periods designed to provide scheduling context and make time more easily measurable. Each of these days is identifiable by specific plans, moods, and tones. Monday is viewed by many to be the "worst" day of the week, as it marks the return to work following the weekend, when most full-time employees are given two days off. Most students attend school in the morning and return home in the afternoon (usually from about eight until three or seven until two), and most workers go to work in the morning and return home in the evening (usually from nine to five or eight to four). Tuesday is the second day of the week, and is in many ways similar to Monday. Not a whole lot of changes, schedule-wise, between Tuesday and Monday; most individuals go to school or work and return home to watch television, play video games, make plans with friends, spend time with family, read, or engage in a similar leisure-related activity. Wednesday is the third day of the week, and serves as the "middle" of the work week; some individuals refer to Wednesday as "hump day," as once its workday is complete, employees will have passed the work-week "hump," and will be on the downturn, as only two days on the job will remain in the week. Thursday is the fourth day of the week, and is viewed favorably by many, as it's rather close to the end of the work week. Friday is the fifth day of the week, and marks the end of the workweek and school-week for the vast majority of employees and students. By Friday afternoon/evening, most students/workers cannot wait to leave and go home, as they won't have to report back to school/work until Monday. Saturday is perhaps the most highly regarded day of the week. Because Sunday follows it (and there is presumably no work or school to attend, for most individuals), everyone is free to stay out (or awake) until late at night, having fun with plans or other leisure-related activities. To be sure, Saturday is generally thought of as a day to partake in hobbies that couldn't otherwise be enjoyed during the regular week. Sunday is the final day of the week, and is used by most as a day of rest. Fewer late-night plans are made on Sundays, compared to Saturdays, as most individuals have to wake up for work or school on Monday morning.
[192]	Doctor	Doctor Klein: Good morning, Cecilia, how are you feeling today? Cecilia: I do not feel very well, Doctor Klein. I hope that you can treat my illness. Doctor Klein: I’m sorry that you feel very sick. Tell me some of your symptoms so that I can give you a proper diagnosis. Cecilia: I have not felt well since yesterday afternoon. The symptoms began with a headache and a gradual sore throat. I drank tea with lemon and honey, and I went to bed early. However, I am extremely exhausted, and I don’t feel any better today. Doctor Klein: I have seen these symptoms recently in some of my other patients. I’ll check your temperature and examine your throat in order to give you a proper diagnosis. Cecilia: Thank you, Doctor. Doctor Klein: Open up and say “Ahhhhhh...” Cecilia: “Ahhhhhh...” Doctor Klein: Oh, my! I can already see that your throat is very red. Your temperature of 100 degrees indicates that you are running a mild fever. I am afraid that you might have the flu. Cecilia: What is the best way to cure my symptoms? Doctor Klein: You will need plenty of rest, and you should drink fluids frequently in order to stay hydrated. You’ve also just started to show symptoms, so I can prescribe you a medication that can reduce fever and shorten the duration of your illness. Cecilia: Should I stay home from work as well? Doctor Klein: Yes, you should remain in bed until the fever breaks. You should also wait until 24 hours after the fever has broken before you return to work. You do not want to risk getting your coworkers sick as well. Cecilia: I suppose I will just take it easy and relax for a couple of days. Thank you, doctor, for all of your help! Doctor Klein: No problem! Try your best to rest for a couple of days. I hope you feel better soon!
[193]	Food	While eating at a restaurant is an enjoyable and convenient occasional treat, most individuals and families prepare their meals at home. To make breakfast, lunch, and dinner daily, these persons must have the required foods and ingredients on hand and ready to go; foods and ingredients are typically purchased from a grocery store, or an establishment that distributes foods, drinks, household products, and other items that're used by the typical consumer. Produce, or the term used to describe fresh fruits and vegetables, is commonly purchased by grocery store shoppers. In terms of fruit, most grocery stores offer bananas, apples, oranges, blackberries, raspberries, grapes, pineapples, cantaloupes, watermelons, and more; other grocery stores with larger produce selections might offer the listed fruits in addition to less common fruits, including mangoes, honeydews, starfruits, coconuts, and more. Depending on the grocery store, customers can purchase fruits in a few different ways. Some stores will charge a set amount per pound of fruit, and will weigh customers' fruit purchases and bill them accordingly; other stores will charge customers for each piece of fruit they buy, or for bundles of fruit (a bag of bananas, a bag of apples, etc.); other stores yet will simply charge by the container. Vegetables, including lettuce, corn, tomatoes, onions, celery, cucumbers, mushrooms, and more are also sold at many grocery stores, and are purchased similarly to the way that fruits are. Grocery stores typically stock more vegetables than fruit at any given time, as vegetables remain fresh longer than fruits do, generally speaking. It'd take quite a while to list everything else that today's massive grocery stores sell, but most customers take the opportunity to shop for staples, or foods that play a prominent role in the average diet, at the establishments. Staples include pasta, rice, flour, sugar, milk, meat, and eggs, and bread. All the listed staples are available in prepackaged containers, but can be purchased "fresh" in some grocery stores, wherein employees will measure and weigh fresh products and then provide them to customers.
[194]	Halloween	Halloween (also referred to as All Hollows' Eve) is a holiday that's celebrated in America on 31 October of each year, regardless of what day of the week this date falls on. Although it is rooted in religion, Halloween today is enjoyed mainly because of its decorations, costumes, candy, treats, and general excitement, and furthermore, it is enjoyed by most everyone. Before Halloween, many individuals carve a design into an orange-colored pumpkin, or a solid, durable vegetable. Once a personally satisfying design is carved, a lit candle is typically put inside a pumpkin, thereby making it a Jack-O-Lantern. At night, this design lights up against the darkness. Besides carving pumpkins, some celebrate Halloween by putting decorations up. Supernatural (referring in this case to non-natural creatures that're typically based in fiction) figures, including vampires, ghosts, werewolves, zombies, and more, generally account for most of these decorations. Bugs, spiders, cobwebs, gravestones, and anything else that can be considered creepy (or unusual and possibly scary) can also be found on Halloween, in decoration form. Only some adults celebrate Halloween, and they generally do so by attending parties. Inversely, the vast majority of children dress in costume (Halloween costumes can be based upon anything, from the mentioned supernatural creatures to the stars of today's films) and walk from door to door in search of candy—a practice known as trick or treat—on Halloween. After knocking on a door (houses that participate in Halloween usually leave a light on), one says, "Trick or Treat" and a piece (or pieces!) of candy is given to him or her.
[195]	Jobs and Professions	As has been the case for many years, jobs, or forms of employment wherein employees perform a service or duty in exchange for financial compensation, play a prominent role in society. Furthermore, all jobs—even those of seemingly little significance—are important, as they simply wouldn't exist if their specific responsibilities weren't of value to employers (companies or persons that pay others for their work), customers (individuals who pay money for a product or service), and the economy generally. Teachers, or educational professionals tasked with helping students understand certain subjects and topics, are especially crucial today. In short, teachers help their students to become qualified for their future careers. Doctors, or medical professionals who specialize in providing health-related assistance to patients, are some of the most respected individuals in America and the world. It's the responsibility of doctors to help those who feel less-than-stellar to determine the underlying health issue(s) and recommend an effective treatment (or remedy to a disease, disorder, or condition). There are quite a few types of specialty doctors in America (besides MD, which simply means "medical doctor"), all of whom can be referred to simply as "Doctor (Name)." Dentists (mouth/teeth doctors), dermatologists (skin doctors), and psychiatrists (mental-health doctors) are just a few examples of the many different types of doctors. Additionally, nurses are medical professionals who help to administer doctor-ordered treatments to patients. Police officers are law enforcement professionals whose job it is to protect citizens, solve crimes, and assure that rules and regulations are followed. Similarly, firefighters serve the public by responding to fires (and other emergency situations) and using high-tech equipment to extinguish these fires, while bringing any individuals who're in danger to safety. Farmers maintain fields of crops (or vegetable/fruit plants) and/or collections of animals with the intention of selling these products as food. Chefs/cooks prepare meals in professional settings, including restaurants, cafeterias, and other venues wherein food and drink are sold, for customers. Chefs are generally experienced in cooking and managing kitchens. Waiters bring menus, beverages, meals, and ultimately, the check (or a bill of the foods and drinks purchased in a transaction) to tables in restaurants and other establishments that serve food. Artists produce art, or works of creative significance, including music, paintings, drawings, poetry, writing, and more.
[196]	Las Vegas	Last April, John took a trip to Las Vegas, Nevada. Las Vegas is a popular destination in the western portion of the United States. The town is most popular for its casinos, hotels, and exciting nightlife. In downtown Las Vegas, John spent a lot of time on The Strip, which is a 2.5 mile stretch of shopping, entertainment venues, luxury hotels, and fine dining experiences. This is probably the most commonly visited tourist area in the city. The Strip at night looks especially beautiful. All of the buildings light up with bright, neon, eye-catching signs to attract visitor attention. A stay in Las Vegas can feel similar to a visit to many popular cities worldwide. Many of the hotels have miniature versions of important international sites and monuments. These famous landmarks include the Eiffel Tower, Venice, and even ancient Rome. One day, John took a side trip outside of the city to visit the Grand Canyon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Natural World. The canyon offers a breathtaking view of Nevada’s ridges and natural landscape. John especially liked the canyon because it was removed from all of the noise and movement in downtown Las Vegas. John had a great time during his trip to Las Vegas. He did not win a lot of money in the casinos. However, he managed to see a lot of amazing sites during his visit to this city that never sleeps.
[197]	London	London is a famous and historic city. It is the capital of England in the United Kingdom. The city is quite popular for international tourism because London is home to one of the oldest-standing monarchies in the western hemisphere. Rita and Joanne recently traveled to London. They were very excited for their trip because this was their first journey overseas from the United States. Among the popular sights that Rita and Joanne visited are Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, and the London Eye. Big Ben is one of London’s most famous monuments. It is a large clock tower located at the northern end of Westminster Palace. The clock tower is 96 meters tall. Unfortunately, Rita and Joanne were only able to view the tower from the outside. The women learned that the tower’s interior is undergoing renovations until 2021. Fortunately, the London Eye, the city’s famous Ferris wheel, was open to the public. The London Eye is situated along the southern shores of the Thames River. This attraction stands 135 meters high. It is one of London’s most well-known spots for gaining aerial views of the city. Each capsule of the Ferris wheel can hold up to 25 passengers. When their capsule stopped at the top of the Ferris wheel, the women took spectacular panoramic photographs of the beautiful cityscape below. The last place that Rita and Joanne visited was Buckingham Palace, the home of the Queen of England. The women were impressed by the palace’s incredible architecture and historical value. Both Rita and Joanne enjoyed watching the Queen’s guards outside the palace. These guards wore red tunic uniforms, shiny black boots, and bearskin hats. Despite the women’s attempts to catch the attention of the guards, the guards are specifically trained to avoid distractions. Because of this, the guards ignored the women completely. Joanne and Rita had an amazing time visiting the city of London, and they are inspired to seek more international travel destinations in the future.
[198]	Los Angeles	Stephanie recently took a weekend trip to Los Angeles, California. Los Angeles is a coastal city situated along the Pacific Ocean. Many celebrities earned their claim to fame here. Although the town offers many attractions centered around Hollywood culture, there is a lot to see and visit in Los Angeles. Of course, all things related to Hollywood are popular tourist attractions. The Hollywood Sign, located the Hollywood Hills of the Santa Monica Mountains, is a famous landmark for this star-studded town. Once in downtown Hollywood, it’s possible to take a stroll along the Hollywood Walk of Fame. This landmark contains more than 2500 brass stars dedicated to celebrities who have made a significant impact on the entertainment industry. In Hollywood, visitors can even take tours of popular movie studios. Stephanie had a chance to visit Universal Studios, which produces her favorite films. Los Angeles is also a popular beach town, offering plenty of opportunities for sunbathing and surfing. A common beach destination is the Santa Monica Pier, which offers rides and attractions to its visitors. Here, Stephanie rode the iconic Ferris wheel, which offered her a spectacular view of the city and coast. These are just some of the things Stephanie experienced during her visit to Los Angeles. She loved her trip, and she hopes to return someday soon.
[199]	Miami	Christina visited Miami during her winter vacation. She is from Boston, where it is cold during the winter months. Miami, however, has a very warm climate. There are many sunny days in Miami, and people can go to the beach all year long. Christina spent a good portion of her trip on the beach to relax and sunbathe. However, she also explored Miami and its surroundings. Inspired by Miami’s proximity to the ocean, Christina visited the Miami Seaquarium to learn about marine life. There, she watched a show using trained dolphins, killer whales, and other aquatic mammals. She took a lot of pictures of the sea creatures jumping out of the water and performing tricks. Christina also took an excursion to the Everglades National Park. This park is a protected area spanning 1.5 million acres. Because the park is mostly swampland, it is home to many reptiles. Native animals include snakes, alligators, and crocodiles. The park is also great for birdwatching. Christina enjoyed hiking the trails in the Everglades and observing the wildlife in its natural environment. When Christina returned to the city, she visited Little Havana. This is Miami’s Cuban neighborhood. Christina could see that Little Havana’s people demonstrated a lot of pride for their Cuban heritage. There were many outdoor shops and vendors, live musicians, and the Cuban cuisine was delicious. Little Havana was Christina’s favorite part about her trip to Miami. This neighborhood made Christina feel like she had traveled to Cuba without ever having to leave the United States.
[200]	Numbers	Most individuals don't think about numbers, or numerical representations of quantity, but they play a major part in everyday life. To be sure, numbers determine the time individuals will wake up in the morning, how much money employees earn per hour, what day of the year it is, and much, much more. Additionally, numbers impact everyday living on a much smaller scale. In the grocery store, for instance, numbers determine products' prices, the amount of a product available for purchase, how much money will need to be paid for products, and a whole lot else. To understand larger (and more intimidating numbers), interested persons first need to understand basic numbers, or numbers from one to ten, as they comprise each and every advanced number, or a multi-digit number that indicates a larger amount/quantity. The basic numbers are as follows: One (1) Example: "He purchased one watermelon from the grocery store." Two (2) Example: "She bought two types of bread from the store." Three (3) Example: "He decided to get three bags of onions when he went shopping." Four (4) Example: "In preparation for the party, Janice bought four cartons of ice cream at the store." Five (5) Example: "Joe picked up five boxes of cereal from the breakfast aisle." Six (6) Example: "A pound of beef costs a lot of money at my favorite grocery store." Seven (7) Example: "Seven of the 10 aisles at my local grocery store contain pasta." Eight (8) Example: "I bought eight cookies for the price of four at the store." Nine (9) Example: "There were only nine loafs of bread left at the grocery store." Ten (10) Example: "Ten pineapples sure is a lot, don't you think?" After ten, eleven (11), twelve (12), thirteen (13), fourteen (14), fifteen (15), sixteen (16), seventeen (17), eighteen (18), nineteen (19), and twenty (20) follow. These numbers are seen less in grocery stores, as most prices are 10 dollars or less; it is however worth knowing these numbers, generally and, in terms of grocery shopping, for when the bill must be paid. After twenty, numbers such as twenty-five (25), fifty (50), seventy-five (75), and one hundred (100) follow. So long as one knows the core number, or the number situated in the tens or hundreds position that determines the general amount, understanding these more complicated numbers won't be difficult. For example thirty-three (33) is simply "thirty" plus three; sixty-seven is "sixty" plus seven; and sixty-nine is simply "sixty" plus nine.
[201]	San Francisco	In June, Diane visited her friends who live in San Francisco, California. This was Diane’s first time in the city, and she enjoyed her opportunities to walk around and explore. On the first day of her trip, Diane visited the Golden Gate Bridge. This red suspension bridge measures 1.7 miles in length. Diane and her friends did not walk across the bridge. However, they viewed it from the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which offers hiking trails, picnicking areas, and presents spectacular views of the bridge and city. Diane and her friends made sure to take a group photograph here, featuring the bridge in the background. The next day, Diane and her friends visited Alcatraz Island. This island is located 1.25 miles offshore in the San Francisco Bay. It used to serve as a lighthouse, military fort, and prison. Diane and her friends took a small tour boat across bay to reach the island. Their visit included a guided tour through the old military base and prison. They also took a walk around the island to appreciate some of the native wildlife in addition to the views of the city. Diane and her friends spent the final day of her vist in San Francisco’s downtown area. Diane’s favorite part of her entire trip was taking a trolley to transport her up and down the hilly streets of San Francisco. Diane did a lot of shopping downtown on her last day. She and her friends celebrated the end of her visit by having dinner at one of San Francisco’s best restaurants.
[202]	The Empire State Building	When exploring New York City, there are several different options for activities during a day trip. Some visitors come to see a show, visit art museums, or simply to shop in many of the city’s high-end retailers. However, many tourists simply come to New York City for the sightseeing. One of the most visited landmarks in New York City is the Empire State Building. The Empire State Building, constructed in 1931, is a 102-story skyscraper, the ninth highest building in the world, and the fourth tallest structure in the United States. It is located in Midtown, Manhattan. This skyscraper is an iconic symbol of the city, having been featured in over 90 popular movies (as of 2018) throughout film history. Tourists come from all over the world to visit this building and view the city from its famous observation decks. Matthew, an enthusiast of historic buildings, was excited for this trip to New York City because he has always appreciated architectural design. Matthew purchased a ticket that granted him access to beautiful 360-degree views of the city. The ticket included an elevator ride that stopped at two different vantage points, one at the 86th floor and the other at the rooftop observatory on the 102nd floor. From these observation decks, Matthew took incredible photographs of the entire New York City skyline. The rooftop views granted Matthew perfect aerial perspectives of Central Park, the Brooklyn Bridge, Times Square, the Statue of Liberty, and many other important city landmarks.
[203]	The four seasons	The four seasons are spring, summer, fall, and winter, and although various areas of the United States experience drastically different weather during these times, all portions of the country recognize the seasons; winter in California may bring heat, and winter in New York may bring blizzards, but both periods are nevertheless winter. Following winter, spring begins on 20 March and ends on either 20 June or 21 June, in the United States (this date may vary slightly from year to year and hemisphere to hemisphere). For most, spring is a time of "thawing," when the cold and snow of the winter are replaced by sunshine, reasonable temperatures, green grass, and more. It is also the season wherein previously dormant bees and butterflies reemerge, and when birds become more active. Summer follows spring and spans from about 21 June to 22 September, in America. Summer is the warmest, the longest, and (arguably) the liveliest of the four seasons; students from kindergarten to college are given two or so summer months off from class, and to be sure, there are more young individuals out and about during this season than any other. It's not uncommon to see shorts, t-shirts, and sunglasses worn by those who're soaking up the summer's hot sun, and to stay cool, many individuals crank the air conditioning, take a dip in a swimming pool, and/or explore the ever-comforting ocean waves. Autumn (or fall), more than being a simple precursor to winter, is one of the most beautiful and exciting seasons. Spanning from 22 September to 21 December (technically, that is; snow will begin to fall long before this latter date, in most parts of the country, leading many to classify the period as winter) in the US, autumn is characterized by falling leaves, Halloween (on 31 October), and Thanksgiving. During fall, traditional farmers harvest their produce, and the aforementioned falling leaves change to gorgeous orange, red, and yellow colors; these colors are generally associated with autumn itself, in turn. In the US, winter spans from 21 December to 20 March, and is, as one would expect, the coldest of the four seasons. In the eastern, northern, and central portions of the country, winter snowfall can be considerable; in the western and southern portions of the country, winter snowfall is highly unlikely, but temperatures nevertheless drop from their usual. Winter is most widely known for its snow and the Christmas holiday, but it also boasts New Year's Eve (on December 31, in recognition of the start of a new year) and other special days. Ice skating, sledding, ice hockey, and snowball fights are commonly enjoyed winter activities.
[204]	The Golden Gate Bridge	Some of the most important landmarks in the United States include feats of architecture and modern engineering. San Francisco, California, is a beautiful city on its own, but it is also home to The Golden Gate Bridge, a 1.7 mile suspension bridge connecting the San Francisco Peninsula to the Marin Headlands. The bridge holds the title of one of the Wonders of the Modern World according to the American Society of Civil Engineers. One of the most popular ways to appreciate the bridge is to take an excursion to the Golden Gate National Recreation Area just outside of San Francisco. The park contains hiking trails, great spots for picnicking, and offers some of the best vantage points for panoramic photographs of the bridge leading into the city. David recently had some friends visit him in San Francisco, and he made sure to include a visit to the recreation area as part of their tour. They enjoyed walking through the trails, observing some of the native wildlife, and even having a casual picnic in the park. David’s friends were thankful that he guided them through this impressive area of California. They made sure to take a group photograph with the Golden Gate Bridge in the background. David’s friends had the picture framed, and they later presented it to David in order to thank him for his hospitality during their stay.
[205]	The Statue of Liberty	The Statue of Liberty, arguably one of New York City’s most iconic symbols, is a popular tourist attraction for first-time visitors to the city. This 150-foot monument was gifted to the United States from France in order to celebrate 100 years of America’s independence. The statue is located on Liberty Island, and it is accessible by taking a ferry from either Battery Park in New York City or Liberty State Park in Jersey City. When Claire visited the Statue of Liberty for the first time, she instantly admired it as a symbol of freedom. Claire made sure to make reservations before her visit because only 240 people are permitted to climb the staircase to the top of the statue every day. After climbing almost 400 stairs, Claire received spectacular views of the city from the statue’s crown. During her visit, Claire learned that the Statue of Liberty was not always the color that it is now. She found out that because the statue’s exterior is made of copper, the statue oxidized over time, giving it the greenish appearance it has in present day. When it was first constructed, the statue was the same color as a shiny penny! After touring the Statue of Liberty, Claire spent the rest of the day in New York City visiting other important monuments and historic landmarks. Claire left New York hoping to have had the time to explore more sites, but she can’t wait to return to the city in the future.
[206]	Valentine's Day	Valentine's Day (or Saint Valentine's Day) is a holiday that, in the United States, takes place on February 14, and technically signifies the accomplishments of St. Valentine, a third-century Roman saint. With that said, most Americans, instead of honoring St. Valentine through religious ceremony, enjoy the holiday by engaging in "romantic" behavior with their significant other or someone who they wish to be their significant other; gifts, special dinners, and other acknowledgements of affection comprise most individuals' Valentine's Day celebrations. Chocolates and flowers are commonly given as gifts during Valentine's Day, as are accompanying greeting cards (greeting card companies release new Valentine's Day designs annually). Red and pink are generally understood to be "the colors" of Valentine's Day, and many individuals, instead of celebrating romantically, spend the holiday with their friends and/or family members. Variations of Valentine's Day are celebrated across the globe throughout the year. In America, the holiday, although acknowledged by the vast majority of the population, isn't federally recognized; no time off work is granted for Valentine's Day.
[207]	Washington, D.C.	Yesterday, Stephen returned from a trip to Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. His visit took place during the week prior to the Fourth of July. Logically, there were many activities and celebrations in town in preparation for Independence Day. During his stay in the city, Stephen visited a lot of important historical sites and monuments, and he left with a deeper understanding of the political history of the United States. Stephen spent a lot of time outdoors exploring the important monuments surrounding Capitol Hill. Of course, he saw the White House from its outside gate at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. Stephen also visited the Washington Monument, the Jefferson Memorial, and the Lincoln Memorial. These statues and pavilions are dedicated to former U.S. presidents. They commemorate the contributions that these leaders made throughout American history. Washington, D.C. also has several war memorials dedicated to fallen soldiers during the major wars of the 20th century. Away from the Capitol Hill area, Washington, D.C. has many museums and art galleries worth visiting. Stephen enjoyed his visit to Washington, D.C. because he learned a lot more about American history after touring each important landmark.
[208]	Yellowstone National Park	Yellowstone National Park, located in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, was established as the first national park in the United States. The park is a popular destination for visitors who enjoy ecological tourism as it offers forests, mountains, and abundant ecosystems to explore. Some of Yellowstone’s most well-known landmarks are its geothermal hot springs and geysers, the most famous of which is named Old Faithful. Last fall, Lisa and her friends decided to take a camping trip to Yellowstone National Park. They arranged to stay at one of the park’s many convenient campsites. For their camping trip, they brought their backpacks, sleeping bags, and a cooler of food and drinks. They pitched their tents immediately upon arriving to their campsite. During their trip, Lisa and her friends hiked the many trails of the park, exploring its natural surroundings. In the forest, they saw a lot of local wildlife. Lisa was surprised to see a family of grizzly bears, some gray wolves, and even bald eagles flying overhead. Outside of the woods, they admired the beauty of some of Yellowstone’s natural cascades. Since Yellowstone contains many hot springs and the world’s largest area of active geysers, Lisa and her friends visited many different geyser sites. They even spent an afternoon swimming in Yellowstone’s Boiling River. Of all of the sites, Lisa and her friends agreed that Old Faithful was the most impressive. Lisa and her friends waited patiently for the geyser to erupt. After about 40 minutes, a stream of boiling water over 100 feet tall sprayed from the ground and up into the air. Fortunately, no one got wet!
[209]	A family digital detox day	In today’s technology-driven world, families often find themselves in the same room but distracted by individual screens. Organizing a digital detox day—a planned break from phones, computers, and televisions—can reset family dynamics and foster more genuine togetherness. Deciding as a group to spend time offline, playing board games, cooking together, or simply going for a walk often leads to laughter and a renewed sense of connection. Although initial resistance is common, many family members end up appreciating the opportunity to break out of daily routines. A digital detox also provides space for deeper conversations and helps everyone become more mindful. Without the constant distraction of notifications and digital noise, people often discover new aspects of each other’s personalities, interests, and humor. Planning recurring screen-free evenings or weekends can serve as a valuable family tradition, reminding everyone of the importance of balance and presence in a constantly connected world. Overall, these experiences can forge stronger bonds and lasting memories.
[210]	A Visit to Amish Country	A visit to Amish country is like traveling back in time. The Amish are a religious sect of people that believe in a simpler way of life, free of technology and modern conveniences. They have a strong German heritage that dates back to the 1700s. They believe in simple living, plain dress and strong family bonds. They have several prominent communities in the United States, but the largest and most well-known Amish community is in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. As of 2000, nearly 227,000 Amish were reported to live in the United States. The Amish typically do not drive cars, and use horse and buggy as their main mode of transportation. The Amish graduate from formal schooling at around eighth grade, or age 13. After they have completed school, they typically work on the family farms and later marry and start families. The Amish typically run farms and sell their produce to the general public. They also specialize in making furniture, wood stoves and other handicrafts.
[211]	American Professional Sports Leagues	Professional sports is an extremely popular form of entertainment in the United States. Millions of people spend billions of dollars every year attending or watching sports events, reading about sports and buying sports-related merchandise such as clothing and video games. There are four major professional sports leagues in America: the National Football League, the National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League. All of the National Football League teams are based in America; the other leagues have some teams in Canada. Many leagues play other sports, including Major League Soccer, Major League Rugby and the National Lacrosse League. Women's professional sports are also growing in popularity. Women's sports leagues include the Women's National Basketball Association, National Women's Hockey League and the National Women's Soccer League. In addition to the major leagues, popular sports such as baseball, basketball and hockey also have minor leagues that provide development opportunities for players and entertainment for smaller cities.
[212]	Animals	Many people like to keep animals as pets. It may come as a surprise, but studies based on animal populations in homes have revealed that fish are the most popular pet. This makes sense, however, because many people keep aquariums with multiple fish instead of just one. Second to fish, cats are the next most popular house pet, shortly followed by dogs. While these are the top three pets on the list, many people do keep other animals in their homes. Birds, reptiles, and other small animals are popular pets as well. Many children receive small pets to learn responsibility. Popular pets for children include hamsters, rabbits, guinea pigs, and even mice or rats. Animals used for agriculture can vary from farm to farm. However, there are many common animals found on farms. Many farms typically raise chickens, cows, and even pigs. These animals are popular on farms because they are commonly used for food products like meat and dairy. However, there are other farms that have more diverse populations of animals. Some farms also raise sheep, goats, ducks, and horses. Traditionally, horses were common on farms because they helped with a lot of field work. Now, it is still common to see horses driving plows on some farms. However, in many cases, horses are now used for more recreational activities like riding or even for competing. Zoos are another common space to find more exotic collections of animals. It is fun to spend a day at the zoo to observe different species. At the zoo, it is common to find animals living in exhibits that resemble their natural habitats. For instance, monkeys live in cages with plenty of vines and branches to climb. Lions tend to live in deep, pitted cages resembling savannahs. Elephants live separately in sprawling grasslands with plenty of trees. At the zoo, it’s great to learn about animals from all over the world and their diverse natural environments.
[213]	Apple Harvest	During apple harvest, there are lots of ways to enjoy apples. Apple pies, apple dumplings, apple bread, apple butter and, of course, raw apples are only a few different ways to eat the excess apples. Isabelle’s favorite way to consume the plentitude of apples was apple cider. It had been her favorite since she was a little girl, mostly because she hated peeling apples. Her apple cider recipe included orange sections, cinnamon sticks, and maple syrup. Then, it simmers all day. Over the years, Isabelle had tried improving this recipe. Once, she had added limes. Unfortunately, she had not known to peel the limes. That was the worst apple cider Isabelle had ever made. It tasted like an industrial cleaner.
[214]	At the dentist	Rachel’s tooth was bothering her. It hurt when she bit down, and last night the pain had woken her from sleep. She knew she had to see the dentist, but she was dreading it because she hadn’t gone in a couple of years--she had been so busy lately. Reluctantly she called and made an appointment; because she was in pain, they fit her in on the following day. When she arrived at the dentist’s office, the receptionist made sure her insurance information was up to date and then a dental assistant ushered her back to a treatment room. The dental assistant put a heavy lead apron over her and took x-rays of her teeth. Then the dental assistant lowered the chair until Rachel was staring at the ceiling. She saw a screen in the ceiling playing a television show she liked, but she couldn’t pay attention to the show. The dentist came in a few minutes later and examined her teeth with his dental instruments. He said she had a cracked tooth. The crack went below her gum line, so he recommended a root canal. A root canal needs a longer appointment, so Rachel made one for the next day. As Rachel left the dentist’s office, she was happy that her visit was done, but she wished she didn’t have to go back the next day.
[215]	Bedroom	Thomas and Lydia are fraternal twins, and they share a bedroom. Upon opening their bedroom door, it’s clear that the children have decorated each side based on their personal interests. Each side of the room has a bed, desk, chair, bookshelf, small bedside tables, and a dresser. There is about 10 feet of open floor space between each child’s side of the room. The walls in the room are painted a neutral shade of blue. The floors are made of hardwood, but each child has a small rug next to his or her bed. In the middle of the back wall, there is a large window with a lot of sunlight and a direct view of their backyard. They love keeping the curtains open to let the sunlight in. Thomas likes learning about outer space. On the wall, he has a poster of an astronaut, and on the ceiling he has placed plastic stars that glow in the dark when the lights are turned off. On the small table next to his bed, he has a lamp, shaped like a rocket ship, right behind his alarm clock. Thomas has a lot of toys related to science and space. He usually puts them in a toy box under his bed. Lydia does not like when Thomas’s toys are out on the floor. Lydia occupies the side of the room opposite from Thomas’s side. Lydia prefers ballerinas, so so she has a picture of a famous dancer above her desk. Her walls are decorated with small stamps that resemble flowers. In front of Lydia’s bed, she has a small trunk in which she stores her extra clothes. Lydia also keeps a lot of pens and art supplies on her desk because she likes to draw.
[216]	Benjamin Franklin and the Kite	Benjamin Franklin, one of the founding fathers of the United States, was known for many achievements, but one of the best-known stories is of Ben flying a kite during a thunderstorm. What are the real facts behind that story? In June 1752, Ben observed a thunderstorm approaching and gathered the materials to conduct an experiment. He wanted to demonstrate the connection between lightning and electricity. Contrary to popular belief, he didn’t discover electricity during that summer afternoon. He had conducted experiments with electricity for years, and he took this opportunity to prove that lightning was an electrical charge. For his experiment, he used a Leydon jar (a device to store electricity), a simple kite made from a silk handkerchief, string, wire, and a metal house key. Metal wire at the top of the kite attracted the electrical charge, which was conducted through the kite, wet string, and metal key to wire attached to the Leydon jar. By flying the kite during the thunderstorm, he was able to collect a large amount of electricity in the Leydon jar for later use. This experiment led to Benjamin Franklin’s invention of the lightning rod, a device to ground lightning as protection for houses during storms.
[217]	Blue Whales: The Journey of a Lifetime	Have you ever wanted to see a whale close up? Blue whales are the largest mammal on earth, weighing up to 200 tons. They can grow up to 88 feet in length---larger than a jumbo jet! Their migrations are some of the most fascinating in the world, with blue whales traveling for many miles to feed and give birth. Baby whales are called calves. The Blue whale gives birth off to the calves the coast of Southern Mexico, then together they travel more than 6,000 miles to Alaska's Bering Sea for their annual feast. The trip takes 2-3 months, and travels along the coast of Mexico, the West Coast of the United States and Hawaii along the route. Once they arrive in Alaska, they will feed on tiny, shrimp-like crustaceans called krill. They can eat up to four pounds of krill at a time. You can find whales all over the globe, but the Blue whale mostly lives in the Northern Atlantic Ocean, North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere. Each year, these whales make a long trek, from the warm waters off the coast of Southern Mexico and California in the winter, to Alaska, Canada and Russia in the summer. If you're near the coastline, you can see the whales for yourself. Whales force air from their blowholes just before they emerge from the water for graceful dives and playful flips. Look out for an eruption of water straight up into the air. Once you see that, it's only a few moments before you see this majestic creature emerge.
[218]	Boston	Jean and her family recently traveled to Boston, Massachusetts, one of America’s oldest colonial cities. Boston is rich in history and local personality. During their visit, Jean and her family appreciated learning about Boston’s role during the American Revolution. In the city, Jean and her family followed the famous Freedom Trail. This is a 2.5-mile route that tourists can explore in order to visit 16 different historical landmarks located throughout the city. Famous sites on this trail include the Paul Revere House, King’s Chapel, and the Bunker Hill Memorial. Jean and her family received a map to navigate the Freedom Trail. The roads were clearly marked by red lines, and there were signs throughout the city to keep Jean’s family and other tourists from getting lost. As part of the Freedom Trail, Jean and her family spent a lot of time in Boston’s North End. This is one of the oldest residential neighborhoods in the entire country. Here, Jean and her family were able to visit Boston Harbor, which is the site of the historical Boston Tea Party. This event sent a strong message to the British leading up to the American Revolution. The end of the Freedom Trail led Jean and her Family to the Boston Common, the oldest urban park in the nation. The park is filled with plenty of lush greenery, but it also serves as a burial ground for heroes of the American Revolution. Because of their walk along the historical Freedom Trail, Jean and her family left Boston with a thorough understanding of early American history.
[219]	Cactus Seeds	I planted about thirty cactus seeds in a bright green pot. The pot was interesting to look at, with thin ridges all down the sides. Only one of the seeds germinated. It grew slowly. After two years, it was only the size of my thumb. The cactus moved with me through apartments, roommates, and romantic partners. It was a silent sentinel, watching over me. After we met, my future spouse and I marveled at how perfect this tiny cactus was. I set it proudly on the windowsill of our first home. It must have been too cold, because one winter morning I found it deflated and dead. That spring, I planted fifty more cactus seeds. Maybe one will grow.
[220]	Clothes	Clothes are defined as the cloth and fabric products worn by humans to protect their skin and to cover sensitive areas from sight. More than this, though, clothes can be used as a tool to express oneself, make a positive impression, and signify important occasions, amongst other things. Hats are rounded clothing accessories that're designed for use on the head. Hats can protect individuals from cold and sunny weather alike, depending on the specific style of hat that's worn. The shirt is the article of clothing that's worn on the torso, or the upper body. There are several distinct types of shirts, including t-shirts (thin, short-sleeve shirts designed for use in warm settings), long-sleeve shirts (shirts with sleeves that extend all the way down arms, and that are designed for use in colder settings), and sweaters, or thick and warm articles of clothing that can be worn over t-shirts and long-sleeve shirts. For legs, pants (long articles of clothing that extend all the way to the feet) and shorts (short articles of clothing that extend to the knees, and that are intended for use in warm weather) are the primary clothing types. Women have a few more clothing choices than men in this department, as they can wear skirts (one-piece, leg-covering articles of clothing that extend to the knee area) and dresses (long, one-piece, leg-covering articles of clothing that extend to about the ankles). Skirts and especially dresses are generally worn in more upper-class settings and during special occasions, such as weddings and parties. The same is true (for men) of suits, or expensive, full-torso articles of clothing. Suits are typically worn over dress shirts, or thin, button-up shirts made of cotton/polyester, and with ties, or long, decorative pieces of fabric. On the hands, or the appendages found at the end of the arms, gloves (protective clothing that slides over each finger) and mittens (protective clothing that slides over all the fingers) can be worn to shield the skin from cold weather and certain working conditions. Socks are fabric protectors of the feet that're worn to minimize skin irritation and, in some instances, provide warmth. Boots are durable, protective articles of clothing that're worn to shield the feet from cold temperatures, snow, moisture, potential hazards, and more. Similarly, shoes are worn to protect the feet from general wear and hazards that're encountered while moving (pebbles, splinters, etc.). Besides, walking in bare feet would be rather unsanitary! The scarf is a protective article of clothing that's worn around the neck and designed to keep wearers warm—and stylish. (To be sure, many individuals wear scarves just to match their outfit and improve their appearance!) A necklace is a popular type of jewelry, and is worn by most to enhance their appearance; necklaces are typically made out of gold, silver, metal, plastic, or rope, and they hang around one's neck. Sunglasses are worn over one's eyes, and are shaded glasses that're designed to block-out excess sunlight. Lastly, umbrellas are extendable tools that are held over one's head to shield him or her from rain or sun.
[221]	Colors	The world sure would be bleak without colors, or the gorgeous shades that're produced by light reflecting off objects, as well as the way these reflections are processed by the brain. In more normal terms, color is what makes blue skies, green grass, and orange sunsets so spectacular; it's what provides context to the way everything—from the smallest items to entire planets—looks. Let's review some of the most popular colors and various objects that're detailed by these colors! Red Considered by many to be a beautiful color, red is popularly seen in greeting cards, clothing, and many other items. Tomatoes (sphere-shaped vegetables), roses (popular flowers), and strawberries (small, popular fruits) are colored red. Yellow Yellow is known by many for its eye-catching style; school buses (vehicles that transport children to and from school) and many street signs (signs that indicate important driving information) are often colored yellow. Similarly, bananas (tree-grown fruits) and corn (a well-known vegetable that is comprised of kernels, or small pieces) are also yellow. Blue Perhaps the most popular color today, blue is thought by many to be a gorgeous shade (maybe even more so than red!). To be sure, breathtaking sights such as the sky (the upper atmosphere that's visible from Earth) and seas (vast bodies of saltwater) are colored blue, and may contribute to the color's popularity. Black An incredibly dark color, blackis the shade of the night and quite a few other items, including many cell phones and picture frames (decorations used to display photographs). White Just as black is dark, white is very light, and also happens to be the color of snow (fluffy precipitation that falls from the sky when the temperature is cold enough), clouds (puffy collections of gas that can be seen in the sky during the daytime), and (in many instances) fancy attire and items, including wedding dresses. Green The result of combining blue and yellow, greenis the color of leaves (the objects that grow from trees' branches), grass (the small plants that comprise lawns), and more. Brown While it might not be as popular or traditionally beautiful as blue or red, brown is a common color, and looks like a lighter and richer shade of black. Furthermore, brown can be both light and dark in shade; light brown appears in wheat bread (bread made predominantly with wheat), while dark brown appears in ground coffee (the result of ground-up coffee beans that's used for brewing coffee), for example. Grey The result of combining black and white, grey (also spelled "gray") is a medium-darkness color that can be seen in newspapers (papers consisting of news relating to a specific subject or area), foil (protective packaging used mainly to preserve foods and drinks), and many other objects. Orange The result of combining red and yellow, orange is a vibrant, attention-grabbing color that can be found on pumpkins (large, round vegetables that are used as decorations on Halloween), oranges (spherical fruits), carrots (stick-shaped vegetables that grow in the ground), and more. Pink Thought of by many to be "decorative," pink is most often worn and used by females. Additionally, pigs (furry, four-legged mammals) and cotton candy (a sugary dessert that is similar in texture to cotton) are pink. (It should also be mentioned that while the traditional pig is pink, there are many different species and breeds that are not). Purple A rather popular color in fashion, purple can be found on quite a few articles of clothing and certain lizards (types of small reptiles). In nature, though, purple appears less than most of the other described colors do.
[222]	Countries and Nationalities	The country one is born in and actively refers to as home is represented in his or her nationality, or a title that derives from an individual's birth country. For example, anyone born in the United States is American, while anyone born in Spain is Spanish; some exceptions to nationality do however exist, and it's possible for individuals who weren't technically born in a country to adopt its nationality. Examples of some of the world's nationalities are: American—born in the United States Example: Mike is American, and lives in the Los Angeles, California, United States. The United States is famous for its beautiful landscapes, economic opportunity, and countless attractions. British—born in England Example: Simon is British, and lives in London, England, United Kingdom. England is famous for its storied history, entertainment, and ample culture. Japanese—born in Japan Example: Takashi is Japanese, and lives in Osaka, Japan. Japan is famous for its advanced technology, interesting sights, and delicious cuisine. Chinese—born in China Example: Xi is Chinese, and lives in Beijing, China. China is known for its sprawling population, numerous activities, and exciting culture. German—born in Germany Example: Frank is German, and lives in Berlin, Germany. Germany is known for its tremendous hot dogs and bratwursts, high-quality beer, and captivating sights. French—born in France Example: Jean is French, and lives in Nice, France. France is known for its romantic sights (such as the Eiffel Tower), world-class foods (soup, duck, and more), and exciting nightlife. Italian—born in Italy Example: Mario is Italian, and lives in Rome, Italy. Italy is known for its festive culture, delicious foods (pasta, pizza, parmesan, and more), and breathtaking natural landscapes. Canadian—born in Canada Example: Georges is Canadian, and lives in Canada. Canada is known for its French culture (in certain regions), kind and caring natives, and one-of-a-kind maple syrup. Australian—born in Australia Example: Peter is Australian, and lives in Adelaide, Australia. Australia is known for its beautiful weather, awesome wildlife (koalas, kangaroos, camels, and more), and fun citizens. Brazilian—born in Brazil Example: Jose is Brazilian, and lives in Curitiba, Brazil. Brazil is known for its warm climate, dense jungles, and beach-friendly culture. Mexican—born in Mexico Example: Lupe is Mexican, and lives in Cancun, Mexico. Mexico is known for its fantastic foods, fast-paced lifestyle, and storied history (including several must-see landmarks).
[223]	Cruise Ships: Floating Marvels of Marine Life	Have you ever seen a cruise ship in the harbor and wondered about how they float? Have you ever been curious about how they operate and what they feature onboard. In the United States alone, there are three major cruise lines and about a dozen smaller companies. There are cruise ships that visit every continent on earth as well as most countries. You can even tour Antarctica on a cruise ship. One of the hallmarks of a cruise is its food offerings. The average cruise ship has more than a dozen places to eat onboard including restaurants, buffets and cafes. On an average week, a cruise ship serves more than 20,000 ice cream cones. On the Symphony of the Seas, the world's largest cruise ship, the kitchen serves more than 60,000 eggs, 9,700 pounds of chicken and and 25,736 pounds of fresh vegetables. Speaking of large, did you know that the world's largest cruise ship is taller than the Eiffel Tower in Paris? It has 24 swimming pools, 2,800 cabins and features the tallest water slide at sea. Cruise lines have been increasingly working to offer innovative new features including surfing, skydiving simulators, parks, race tracks, roller coasters, spas, bumper cars and more. There are specialty cruise ships for everyone, from cooking enthusiasts to astrologers, wildlife lovers and science lovers. Many cruise enthusiasts wait patiently to see what the next ship will bring.
[224]	Daily routine	Even though most people don't realize it, each of their days follows a routine, or an established set of general procedures and practices. Routines make daily schedules easier to manage, help to free up extra time, and assure that individuals accomplish as many of their tasks and goals as possible. Let's take a look at a typical routine! The alarm (a notification, usually audible, that alerts individuals of something's occurrence) rings, and Jeremy rises groggily from bed. He didn't sleep quite as much as he would have liked during the night, so it takes him a few minutes to get up, or prepare to begin the day. Jeremy enters the bathroom (room used for purposes relating to personal hygiene) and washes his face in the sink, using soap and warm water to do so. He looks in the mirror (reflective tool that's usually used to gauge one's appearance) and dries (remove moisture from) his face with a towel (a cloth article used to clean and dry). Finally, he enjoys a shower (type of bathing characterized by water spraying onto one's head and body) and cleans up. In the shower, Jeremy applies shampoo (cleansing substance used on hair) to his hair and soap (cleansing substance used on the body) to the rest of his body, before rinsing and exiting. He dries himself off with a larger towel than before and dresses in his clothes (universally worn protective articles). Last of all, he brushes his hair (straightens it with a tool designed for just such a purpose, a comb) and exits. Next, Jeremy eats breakfast (the first meal of the day; typically enjoyed in the morning), including eggs (protein-heavy derivatives of chickens) and orange juice (beverage that's produced by squeezing oranges). He then returns to the bathroom to brush his teeth (the process of cleaning the mouth with toothpaste and a toothbrush, to prevent cavities and freshen breath). Before he leaves his house, Jeremy makes his bed (rearranges the pillow, blanket, and sheets so they'll be ready for use at night). He takes the bus (large, multi-seat form of transportation) to school, or a facility run by teachers and attended by students, wherein the goal is to provide useful information and skills to these students. At school, Jeremy attends classes (teacher-led courses designed to further students' understanding of a particular subject), enjoys lunch (the second meal of the day, between breakfast and dinner), and socializes (the process of talking and relaxing) with friends. Then he rides the bus back to his house. At home, Jeremy completes his homework (an assignment that's issued by schoolteachers and meant to be completed by students outside of school hours). Once his homework is finished and placed in his backpack (a cloth sack that's worn on the back and typically used by students to carry school materials) for the next day, Jeremy plays, or engages in leisure relating to games and fun activities. He runs around the neighborhood and plays tag (a game involving one "it" player trying to "tag" another player, so that he or she then becomes "it"), before returning home for dinner. Jeremy sits down to dinner, or the final meal of the day, with his parents and siblings; they eat meatloaf and mashed potatoes. To close out what has been a busy day, Jeremy brushes his teeth and goes to bed, or begins sleeping, so that he'll be energized when he wakes up the next morning.
[225]	Dealing with holiday sadness and loneliness	While most people look forward to the holidays, some find this time of year difficult. Not everyone has family or friends to celebrate with, and seeing others enjoy the season can make loneliness feel stronger. Holiday memories of loved ones who are no longer here may also cause sadness. It’s important to remember that these feelings are normal and that many people experience them. Reaching out to a support group, a counselor, or a trusted friend can help. Sometimes, simply talking with someone about your emotions can bring comfort. There are also positive steps people can take to feel less alone during the holidays. Volunteering is one way to connect with others; helping at a local food bank or shelter brings purpose and new friendships. Some people join community activities like group walks, choir singing, or holiday craft workshops. Taking care of yourself—by going outside, getting enough rest, and doing things you enjoy—can also help ease loneliness. Remember: you are not alone, and with small efforts, the holiday season can still bring moments of happiness.
[226]	Dinner preparation	Montie's mother was coming to dinner, so he decided to get out the beautiful dishes she gave him. He looked forward to impressing his mother. He remembered how great he felt when she gave him the dishes. First, he got out his best silverware, cups and plates.He carefully placed the plates on the table. Then, he laid a cloth napkin next to each plate. On the left side of the plate, he placed a knife making sure that its blade was facing toward the plate. On the right side, Montie placed the fork and spoon. After filling the glasses with ice, he put water in each glass. He placed white flowers in a vase in the middle of the table. They had a beautiful aroma.As Montie stood back to admire his work, the doorbell rang. Montie had finished just in time because his mother had arrived.
[227]	Discussing money openly within families	Money can be a sensitive topic within families, often leading to tension or misunderstandings. However, clear conversations about finances are essential for things like budgeting, saving for major expenses, or planning for emergencies. Approaching these discussions calmly and transparently avoids misunderstandings and helps foster trust. Start by setting aside a time to talk, ensuring everyone involved feels heard without judgment or criticism. It’s especially important to involve all relevant parties—from teenagers learning about budgeting to older relatives planning retirement. Encourage questions and share information at a level that matches each family member’s experience. Use these discussions to set common financial goals, assign responsibilities, and discuss contingency plans for unexpected situations. Over time, maintaining open communication about money can strengthen relationships, teach valuable life skills, and create a sense of shared purpose and security within the family.
[228]	Early Morning at the Store	Every Saturday morning, I wake up at 5:30 A.M. to get to the grocery store at 6:00 A.M. It is one of the best parts of my week. The store is quiet. All the shelves are full and all the aisles are empty. There are more employees in the store than customers. The produce is still stacked in pristine pyramids. I roll my shopping cart down every aisle, savoring the quiet and the stillness. My phone does not have reception, so I do not have to worry about any interruptions. By the time I have paid for all my food, more customers are arriving at the store. The magic stillness is gone.
[229]	Economics	Danielle is taking several economics courses in college. She thinks local, national, and international economies are quite interesting, and she’s considering a career as an economist. Currently, she is tutoring a high school student on the basics of economics. She is providing the student with a study guide of several key economic terms, listed below. GDP is the gross domestic product of a country. In other words, it represents all of the money produced through services and goods. In economics, GDP is expressed as a monetary figure that indicates the value of all goods and services produced during a measurable time period. GDP is recorded and analyzed in order to evaluate growth. When an economy is doing well, the GDP’s growth rate will be represented by a positive percentage value. When the economy is doing poorly, the GDP will be expressed by a negative value. A business cycle can be evaluated quarterly, yearly, or over an extended period of time. Economists usually represent a business cycle graphically, demonstrating the rise and fall of GDP over time. Typically, a business cycle falls into a predictable pattern of four phases: expansion, peaks, contractions, and troughs. Business cycles help to evaluate the effectiveness of sales. They are often used to reconsider how demographics, spending, use of resources, and current marketing strategies factor into business growth. Supply and demand are the two factors that economists evaluate in order to create a productive economy. Supply represents the products and services that a business provides to consumers. Demand represents the number of consumers that are willing to pay for services or goods. The push-and-pull relationship between these two factors set price points for products, but prices are often reassessed and changed over time. Recession and depression are two additional important economic terms. Recession typically indicates a business that no longer grows or expands or a GDP that continues to fall over two consecutive financial quarters. Recessions are often expected as part of a regular business cycle. A depression, however, is a sharp and drastic turn in the economy. During a depression, the GDP falls by over 10 percent, or a recession lasts for more than two years with no indication of recovery.
[230]	Emergency Call	“911, what’s your emergency?” the dispatcher said. Grace sounded calm when she responded. “I have just witnessed a car accident. There are people hurt.” “Can you give me your location?” Grace looked around. She saw a few stores and the street signs. “I am at Lockwood and Harding Street, right outside the gas station.” “Good,” the dispatcher said. “The ambulance is on it’s way. Can you tell me how many people are hurt and how they are injured?” Grace took her time to tell the dispatcher everything. She said, “There are two people hurt. One man is ok, but he has a headache. The woman has blood on her shirt and arm.” Then, Grace heard the sirens and knew the ambulance was there to help.
[231]	Exploring the art of Christmas baking	Baking is an essential component of many Christmas celebrations, blending creativity, tradition, and a sense of togetherness. Across the world, families gather in kitchens to prepare cookies, cakes, and pastries unique to their culture. Recipes are often passed down through generations, connecting people to their ancestors and preserving cherished customs. The process of measuring, mixing, and decorating can be as fulfilling as the final result, especially when shared with others. The warm, sweet scents that fill the home during these baking sessions often become inextricably linked to the memory of Christmas itself. Beyond family bonds, holiday baking can become a communal or even competitive activity, with neighbors exchanging treats and colleagues sharing their favorite recipes at work. The variety—from German stollen to Italian panettone to Scandinavian gingerbread—demonstrates the universality of celebrating through food. Including both ancient and modern recipes allows participants to experiment, adapt, and create delicious hybrids. For language learners, following English-language recipes and discussing baking traditions offer practical opportunities to expand vocabulary and build fluency with instructions, descriptive language, and storytelling—all in the heartwarming context of the holiday kitchen.
[232]	Exploring the magic of Christmas markets	During the festive season, many towns and cities across Europe and beyond host Christmas markets, transforming public squares into scenes straight from a winter fairy tale. These markets are typically filled with rows of wooden stalls brightly lit with twinkling lights, each offering a variety of handmade gifts, ornaments, seasonal foods, and warm drinks like mulled wine or spiced cider. Visitors stroll from stall to stall, often wrapped up against the cold, savoring the scents of gingerbread and roasted nuts while listening to traditional carols played by local musicians. For many, this lively and colorful atmosphere is one of the things that makes the lead-up to Christmas feel truly special, providing a sensory experience that can’t easily be found elsewhere. Beyond the festive foods and crafts, Christmas markets offer a chance to connect with local culture and traditions. Artisans demonstrate their skills in woodcarving, glassblowing, or candle-making, and every region puts its own unique spin on familiar holiday customs. Some markets even feature small ice rinks, nativity scenes, and activities for children such as storytelling or visits from Santa Claus. The markets are not just about shopping; they are spaces for families, friends, and strangers to enjoy time together and celebrate the sense of community that the holidays foster. In a society where much is now bought online, these traditional markets remind us of the joy that comes from gathering in real life, supporting local businesses, and sharing in the season’s enchantment.
[233]	Feelings	It’s fascinating to consider how many different emotions human beings can express. The expression of emotions, like a language, can be enhanced verbally, through sounds, facial expressions, and even gestures. When we think of all of the different cues that help us detect how people are feeling, we can see that human beings really are fascinating creatures. For instance, when people express happiness, they usually have a very joyful attitude. Often times, happy people smile and laugh a lot, and they have a very pleasant demeanor. Happy people frequently have very bright, open eyes, and their body language and posture invites interactions with others. People who are sad or angry are quite different from happy people. These people usually have a frown on their faces or a furrow in their brows. Sad people can often be found sobbing or crying, and their overall posture can indicate that they are closed off from other people. Angry people often shout or yell, and they can sometimes wave their arms or fists to emphasize their anger. Sometimes, people get angry because they are disgusted by another person’s behavior. Other times, anger arises after someone bottles up his or her frustrations over a long period of time. When people are afraid, they may have an expression of fear or panic on their faces. Their lips may quiver, or their bodies may tremble. Sometimes, people are even known to cry or even faint out of fear. Surprise, on the other hand, is a happier emotion. When people become surprised, they may shout out of joy, jump up and down smiling, or even gasp out of disbelief. Emotions grant us access to a better understanding of what is going on in someone else’s mind and thought processes. It’s fascinating that emotions do not always rely on language, but they are an effective way to communicate with others how we are feeling.
[234]	Football	Football means different things depending on where you live. If you’re in the United Kingdom, South America, or Africa, it usually means soccer, or the sport where two opposing teams try to kick a round ball with alternating black and white pentagons into a net. In England, football might also refer to rugby football. Rugby football is played with an oval ball. Players can run with the ball, pass it backwards, or kick it. Points are scored by getting the ball over the opposing team’s goal line. If you’re in Australia, football means Australian-rules football, in which an oval ball is kicked between middle goal posts to score points. In Australian football, throwing is not allowed, so players must bounce the ball on the ground while running. In the United States or Canada, football means gridiron football, where opposing teams take turns to throw or run with a brown oval ball with pointed ends until they can get a touchdown or get far enough to kick a field goal.
[235]	Giving back to the community during the holidays	For many, the holiday season is not only a time for personal celebration, but also an opportunity to give back to others and support those in need. Acts of generosity—whether volunteering at a local shelter, donating food or clothing, or organizing fundraisers—are highlighted during this period as ways to spread kindness and compassion. These efforts often bring together individuals from diverse backgrounds who share a commitment to making their community a better place. Volunteering can be an especially meaningful way for people to connect, learn new skills, and understand the challenges faced by others, fostering a sense of empathy and gratitude. Organizations, religious groups, and schools often coordinate special drives or service projects during the months of December and January, inviting everyone to participate regardless of age or background. Even small acts, such as writing greeting cards for isolated seniors or baking cookies for neighbors, can have a significant positive impact. The holiday season often serves as a reminder that meaningful celebrations are not just about receiving, but also about giving and sharing. In reaching out to help others, individuals may find that their own sense of joy and fulfillment is deepened, and that their celebrations become more significant through acts of service and solidarity.
[236]	Going to the Dentist	For ten years, I didn't go to the dentist. I was scared of the needle and the drill. The more I stayed away from the dentist, the more I feared getting an angry lecture from the hygienist. Immediately after I graduated from college, I got a toothache. It was then that I knew I needed to see the dentist. I shopped for a dentist, and I booked an appointment. During my exam, my dentist told me I had a cavity in each of my molars--12 altogether. Still, it could have been worse. The dentist was gentle with me. He explained how he was going to fix my cavities. Despite my worst fears, I was relieved in the end.
[237]	Holidays	Americans, like citizens of other countries, celebrate quite a few holidays, or publically acknowledged occasions wherein individuals (usually) receive time off from work and school to relax. Also like citizens of other countries, Americans celebrate some completely unique holidays, or holidays that are specific to their nation. Some of the most popular holidays in America are: New Year's Day/Eve: New Year's Day/Eve takes place on 31 December, and is, as its name suggests, a celebration of the New Year. On New Year's Eve, most individuals celebrate by socializing with friends and family members, enjoying good-tasting foods and beverages, and playing games as they do so. New Year's Eve festivities culminate with the "dropping of the ball" at midnight, when, in New York City's Times Square, a gigantic, confetti-filled ball drops at exactly 12 AM, as the New Year officially begins; most individuals watch the ball dropping live on television. New Year's Day celebrations are similar to those of New Year's Eve, except that they feature generally less "partying" and take place in the early morning and afternoon, as opposed to late at night. On New Year's Day, one might attend a brunch (meal between breakfast and lunch) celebration with friends and family members. Valentine's Day takes place on 14 February, and is a celebration of the achievements and life of Saint Valentine, a priest in Ancient Rome. However, despite being rooted in religion, Valentine's Day is a public holiday in America, and is celebrated by all. Seen as a day of romance, most individuals acknowledge Valentine's Day by purchasing candy, flowers, or a greeting card for their significant other (boyfriend, girlfriend, husband, wife, etc.), and perhaps going out for a special date. Easter is a religious celebration of the Rising of Christ (in the Bible), and is a federal holiday (meaning most employees and students receive the day—and the following Monday—off from work). Easter always takes place on Sunday, but its date varies annually; generally speaking, Easter is scheduled for some time in April. The holiday is widely celebrated with "Easter baskets," or treat-filled baskets supposedly delivered by the "Easter Bunny," the occasion's mythical figure. Halloween (All Hollows' Eve) is an annual celebration that takes place on 31 October. Rooted in religion, the holiday is celebrated today by children (and some adults) dressing up in costume and trick-or-treating, or ringing the doorbells of a neighborhood's residents and receiving candy and other sweets from each residence. Adults often celebrate by attending Halloween parties. Thanksgiving is an annual celebration that commemorates the Pilgrims' success in settling in North America, as well as everything today's citizens have to be thankful for. It takes place on the fourth Thursday in November, and is typically celebrated by families gathering together and eating home-cooked meals. Christmas is an annual holiday that, religiously, celebrates the birth of Jesus. However, both Christians and non-Christians partake in the holiday by purchasing Christmas trees and, on Christmas morning, placing presents underneath these trees for other family members—particularly children. Children are usually told that these presents were left by Santa Claus, or the mythical figure that's said to bring gifts to all the good kids in the world. Christmas takes place on 25 December.
[238]	Hot Air Balloons: A Fun History	If you have ever seen a hot air balloon in flight, you may be wondering how it works and how they came to be. Hot air balloons can be seen all over the world, and transport passengers for scenic flights above some of the world's most popular landmarks. The first hot air balloon was launched in 1783 over France, and its passengers were a sheep, rooster and duck. The first flight lasted for eight minutes and traveled about two miles before landing. Scientist Jean-François Pilâtre De Rozier and his friend François Laurent d’Arlandes were the first humans to pilot a hot air balloon, and together the two men flew for 20 minutes, making flight history. In the early days of hot air ballooning, the sport became more popular amongst the wealthy French, yet a nuisance to local farmers. Since pilots often cannot control where the balloon lands, they frequently choose to fly over farmland to cushion their landings. This annoyed the farmers who suffered damaged crops. To appease the farmers, the earliest hot air balloon pilots brought champagne to celebrate the end of a successful flight. They then shared this champagne with the farmers, smoothing things over. The tradition continues today with many hot air balloon pilots celebrating hot air balloon flights with champagne for their passengers and crew. Hot air ballooning is still a popular sport today. The largest display of hot air balloons is in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Their annual festival last for nine days and features more than 750 balloons. It is also the most photographed event in the entire world.
[239]	How antibiotics treat bacterial infections	Antibiotics are special medicines that help fight infections caused by bacteria. Common illnesses, like strep throat, certain ear infections, and some kinds of pneumonia, are often treated with antibiotics. They work by killing the bacteria or stopping them from growing. However, antibiotics do not work for illnesses caused by viruses, such as the common cold or influenza, so it’s important not to use them unless your doctor tells you. Taking antibiotics the right way is important for your health. You should always finish the whole course prescribed by your doctor, even if you start to feel better before it is finished. If you stop too soon or use antibiotics when you don’t need them, some bacteria can survive and become “resistant.” Resistant bacteria are harder to treat and can make infections worse in the future. If you have questions about antibiotics, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. Proper use of antibiotics helps everyone stay healthier.
[240]	How Christmas movies shape our experience	Christmas movies have become a cornerstone of the holiday season, influencing not only the way we celebrate but also how we feel about Christmas itself. From timeless classics like “It’s a Wonderful Life” to modern comedies such as “Elf,” these films create a shared cultural reference point for millions of people. They offer familiar stories of hope, generosity, and redemption, with an underlying message that Christmas is a time for kindness and renewal. For many, watching these movies is an annual event that marks the beginning of the holiday period, acting almost as a ritual. The characters, festive settings, and recognizable soundtracks together evoke nostalgia and warmth, helping people reconnect with the joyful moments of their past celebrations. Moreover, Christmas movies shape our expectations of the season, sometimes presenting idealized images of holiday gatherings and perfect families. They spark our imagination, encouraging viewers to decorate their homes, bake cookies, or organize big family reunions. On the flip side, these same movies can also highlight the gap between film and reality, making some feel the pressure to live up to cinematic ideals. Nevertheless, sharing these movies with friends and family can be a way of bridging generational gaps, creating opportunities for conversation and laughter. For advanced language learners, exploring the dialogue and cultural nuances in Christmas films can further enhance vocabulary and cultural understanding, making the experience not only emotionally meaningful but also educational.
[241]	How different countries decorate for Christmas	Decorating for Christmas is done in many beautiful ways around the world. In Germany, you will often see Christmas markets filled with twinkling lights, handmade ornaments, and wooden toys. People like to put up advent wreaths and hang stars in their windows. In Mexico, families hang colorful paper lanterns called “farolitos” and set up a nativity scene, sometimes with real people or animals. Each country has its own beautiful way of making homes and streets feel festive and happy. In the United States, many people decorate their houses with lights inside and outside. Some families put up a Christmas tree and cover it with tinsel, ornaments, and even candy canes. In Japan, which does not have a long Christian history, some people decorate with lights and have bright displays in shops and public spaces. Exploring how different cultures decorate for Christmas can help language learners discover new words, colors, and shapes, while also appreciating the beauty of holiday traditions around the world.
[242]	In the Kitchen	Mark and Patricia recently remodeled the kitchen in their home. Before, they did not have a lot of space for storage or cooking. They also thought that their furniture and appliances were quite mismatched. However, now their kitchen is completely redesigned to suit their living needs, and everything is color-coordinated. Patricia likes the remodeled kitchen because there is now double the storage space. Her kitchen now has brand new drawers and cabinets, a storage cupboard, and a separate pantry. She can easily place her cutlery and cooking utensils in separate drawers, and she still has extra space. Patricia puts the forks, spoons, and knives in the top drawer next to the stove. In the drawer underneath, she places all of her other cooking, including spatulas, soup ladles, whisks, and tongs. The cupboard above the drawers has ample space for all of her glasses and dinnerware. Patricia can now separate the plates, bowls, coffee cups, and dishes that she and Mark use on a daily basis from those that they only use on special occasions. The new kitchen also features a storage rack for all of Patricia’s pots and pans. Patricia is very happy because now she has plenty of open space for cooking and entertaining guests in her kitchen. What Mark likes most about the new kitchen are the updated appliances. The refrigerator, freezer, oven, microwave, and dishwasher are all new. The appliances are stainless steel, and Mark even bought a matching trash bin for depositing waste. The kitchen also has a deep sink for handwashing dishes, and a new faucet. Mark and Patricia also replaced all of their small appliances. They now have a new coffee maker that they use every morning, a blender for smoothies, and an excellent toaster oven for quickly crisping up leftover meals. Despite the high cost of remodeling their kitchen, Mark and Patricia do not regret all of the conveniences that they now have at home.
[243]	John's Favorite Hobby	John took off his hat, wiped the sweat from his forehead and placed the hat back on his head. He decided to wear casual clothing today: a plain white t-shirt with a pair of khakis. He quickly got off of his golf cart and found the starting point for the next hole. He was starting hole 11 and he had gotten a par on every hole so far. He decided he would put his lucky green golf ball on the tee this time. He took his club, hit the ball and watched it fly through the air. He started cheering and laughing when he realized that he got his first hole-in-one that day.
[244]	Landscape Designer	As a landscape designer, Maria helped homeowners create outdoor spaces that were beautiful, functional, and easy to care for. Her favorite part of her job was designing flower beds. She loved how the right colors and variety of plants could make a house look so much better. She was at the nursery, or gardening center, to pick out flowers for her new clients, the Donaldsons. They wanted a variety of bright colors, so she chose dark purple sage, blue catmint, and orange California poppies. Yellow is Sue Donaldson’s favorite color, so Maria added plenty of yellow-flowering Turkish sage. Dark red barberry would provide a touch of Jim Donaldson’s favorite color. Maria selected a few green boxwood bushes and silver-mound artemisia plants to complement and cool down the jewel-toned colors. As she purchased the flowers and loaded them into her truck, she mentally went through her list of tools and planting supplies. All she needed to buy was some compost and plant fertilizer, and then her crew would be ready to plant.
[245]	Liechtenstein	The country of Liechtenstein is so tiny that many people don't even know it exists. Located in Western Europe and bordered by Switzerland and Austria, Liechtenstein is only 62 square miles in area. It has a population of about 39,000 people, and its location and natural Alpine beauty has made it a favorite of ski enthusiasts. It is also the world's largest producer of false teeth. The official language of the country is German. Liechtenstein is so small, in fact, that other countries have accidentally invaded them multiple times. In 2007, 170 Swiss troops marched over the unmarked border between Switzerland and Liechtenstein and right into the country, headed toward downtown. Because there are no markers to designate the line between the countries, they simply didn't realize they had walked out of their own country and into another. The Liechtenstein government took the whole incident in stride, simply saying, "things happen."
[246]	Modes of transportation	To stay on schedule in today's fast-moving society, one must take advantage of a variety of modes of transportation, or ways to get from one place to another. Because, as most everyone can agree, few things are worse than spending more time than necessary getting around! The following are some of the most popularly used and widely known modes of transportation: Flying, presumably in an airplane (although one can also fly in helicopter, hot air balloon, and more), is the fastest commercial mode of transportation today. Most travelers make the decision to fly when they're heading to distant destinations, as doing so will save them a fantastic amount of time and a good amount of money. Airplanes leave and arrive at airports. A bus is a long, wide, multi-seat vehicle that typically transports riders to local areas. Buses are perfect for anyone who wants to move from one spot to another without spending too much money or using too much time—especially in cities, where buses are most popular, because all the stops are so close together. One can make the decision to ride by visiting a bus stop. Cars, or four-wheeled vehicles used for transportation purposes, are awesome ways to get around, as they let drivers go where they want when they want. All one needs to drive is a car, car insurance, and a valid license. Taxis are transportation vehicles that're operated by taxi drivers and are hailed on the street, as one needs their services. After hailing a taxi (by waving from the curb), one gets in, tells the driver the destination, and waits. Once this destination has been reached, the driver is paid and the rider exits. Taxis are expectedly known for their simplicity and easiness. Trains (or locomotives) are large, roaring machines that move across metal tracks at high speeds. Although they're mostly used for transporting goods today, it is possible to ride trains. Trucks are large, four-wheeled vehicles that feature a sizable space in the back (the bed) for storing things. Trucks are used by workers who need to transport equipment and individuals who simply enjoy driving them. However, one needs to be a very skillful navigator to drive a truck! A motorcycle/motorbike is an engine-powered, two-wheeled vehicle that sits horizontally. Motorcycles don't use very much fuel and are stylish; many individuals indicate that few feelings compare to that of riding a motorcycle on a warm day! Bikes/bicycles are two-wheeled, manual-powered transportation devices. Bikes are nice because they allow riders to exercise while traveling. Streetcars/trams are large, bus-like vehicles that follow tracks and wires on a street to transport riders from one spot to another. Because they follow tracks and wires, once again, streetcars/trams can only reach certain areas. Boats/ships are floating, water-traversing forms of transportation that're great to ride in for those who're looking to enjoy the calm of water and nature. To be sure, there are faster ways to move across water than with boats/ships (namely by flying in airplanes), but because boats/ships are so relaxing and pleasant, they are still popular. On-foot traveling—walking, jogging, running, etc.—is the old-school way to travel, and in some cases, it's also the easiest way to do so. Furthermore, most everyone travels on-foot!
[247]	Nature	Nature, or any outdoor element that is made/derived from the Earth, is beautiful, relaxing, and appreciated by a tremendous number of individuals. Because, whether one enjoys walking under the warm sun, rolling around on a green field, admiring animals and plants, or simply relaxing outside, he or she is benefitting from nature. Specifically, hiking, or slowly and deliberately walking through natural landscapes so as to see as many plants, animals, and Earth-derived phenomena as possible, is an excellent example of how many individuals choose to admire nature. Animals, or living organisms with a brain and central nervous system, are awesome parts of the hiking experience. While hiking through a wooded area, one might see a squirrel (small tree-based rodent), birds (small, light, aerial creatures), and chipmunks (especially small, stripe-furred rodents), amongst others; these breathtaking creatures add to the quality of all outdoor experiences, and play an important role in balancing natural landscapes. Besides animals, hikers are all but certain to come across impressive plants, or root-based organisms that absorb nutrients and moisture through soil, and that don't have a brain or central nervous system. Trees, or large, root-based, wooded plants, are favorites for hikers, as are flowers (colorful plants that feature stems). Furthermore, trees are distinguishable from plants based upon their branches (stick appendages), leaves (green-colored, plant-like appendages that grow from branches), and huge roots (underground appendages that absorb nutrients and moisture). Wooded areas aren't the only landscapes that're suitable for hiking. On the contrary, prairies (large, wide-open grasslands), beaches (sandy areas surrounding bodies of water), mountains (massive collections of rock that reach considerable heights), and many others offer breathtaking sights that're sure to impress.
[248]	New York	New York City is a thriving city in the state of New York, and is home to over 8,500,000 individuals; this means that "The Big Apple" (one of New York City's nicknames) boasts a population that's over twice as large as that of Los Angeles, California! It isn't difficult to see why, as NYC has a long and storied history and is a bastion of culture (or societies' defining characteristics and practices), entertainment, and activities. To be sure, New York is widely considered to be a "global" city, as so many persons from so many corners of the globe live in and visit it. Little Italy, Chinatown, and plenty of other parts of the city are even made to look like different countries, and feature many of these countries' characteristics. Besides all this culture, The City That Never Sleeps (another of New York City's nicknames, as many residents stay awake until the early hours of the morning) features gorgeous landscapes, a bustling economy, numerous landmarks, and much, much more. Yankee Stadium, the home of the New York Yankees baseball team, is located in NYC, and because of baseball's considerable popularity in the US (and especially its popularity amongst New York locals!), is widely considered to be a must-see stop. The Statue of Liberty, or the 305-foot-tall statue that represents freedom and justice in America, is also a "huge" tourist attraction located in NYC. Similarly, in a testament to The Big Apple's mentioned international importance, the United Nations Headquarters, or the meeting place of all the world's countries that're part of the peacekeeping group, also calls the city home. It must be emphasized that the specified attractions are just the tip of the iceberg, as New York City features something for every type of person to see and do. NYC might not be the capital of New York State (that honor belongs to Albany, NY), but in many ways, it defines the state on an international level.
[249]	On the airport	Jenny and Sara recently traveled from JFK International Airport in New York City to Rome, Italy. They had to follow a lot of procedures before boarding their flight and finally arriving to their destination. First, the girls took a taxi to the departure entrance of the airport. Then, they had to find the check-in counter for their airline in order to weigh their luggage and receive their boarding passes. Upon receiving their tickets, the girls were directed to pass through security. At the security check, the girls had to take off their shoes, remove all metals, and pass all electronic devices through the security scanner. This procedure ensures the safety of all passengers taking a flight. After, Jenny and Sara decided to grab a bite to eat at a café before boarding their flight. Once their boarding time was called, they lined up at the gate, presented their boarding passes and passports to the airline agent, and they boarded the plane. As they walked aboard the plane, the pilot and flight attendants greeted them from the cockpit. The two girls found their seats, and they got settled. Jenny took the window seat because she likes to watch the takeoff. Sara prefers the aisle seat for quick access to the bathroom. The flight attendants carefully guided all passengers through the safety and emergency procedures. This included how to fasten the seatbelt, where to keep luggage, and how to use the life vests and evacuate using the emergency exits. After takeoff, the two girls slept very well during their overnight flight, and they arrived in Rome the next morning. They quickly passed through customs and grabbed their luggage from baggage claim. They arranged to have a car pick them up at the arrivals area to take them to their hotel.
[250]	Plans	After work, school, and home obligations are completed, as well as during any other spare time one might have, most individuals make plans, or arrangements to engage in a particular activity at a particular time—usually with others. Plans can be comprised of a wide variety of activities, but most of the time they concern social engagements. Thus, one can make plans to go to the movies or visit a museum, but it's unlikely that anyone will make plans to clean the house or visit the doctor. Furthermore, typical plans vary from person to person, and from age group to age group. Teenagers will probably make plans to go to the movies or visit the mall; young adults will probably make plans to visit a bar/club or some sort of show; and adults and elderly individuals will probably make plans to partake in all the mentioned activities and then some, with a special focus on relaxing and having fun. Summer vacation (also referred to as summer holiday and summer break), wherein American students of all ages are given roughly 10 weeks off from classes, is one of the most active plan-making periods. During this time, teenagers and young adults (who, because they generally have fewer family and work obligations, make more plans) will engage in all sorts of activities, including swimming, visiting the beach, playing sports, attending parties, and much more. In short, plans are leisure and recreation-related arrangements to engage in personally enjoyable hobbies or activities, usually with others.
[251]	Plants	Plants are extraordinary living things. Although they seem simple, they are actually, in some ways, more complicated than us.For instance, a whole new plant can be grown from just a single leaf. No animal can accomplish that! The way that plants distribute their seeds is amazing too. Plants can shoot seeds from their pods, send them flying on the wind, or grow spines that attach seeds to animals’ fur, spreading new generations everywhere.Plants are also amazingly adaptable, finding ways to grow even in impossible environments, both hot and cold. Plants manufacture their own food from sunlight, absorb nutrients from the ground, and fool insects into spreading their pollen. Truly, they are some of nature’s finest creations.
[252]	Pluto	Pluto is an interesting "planet" because it's actually not considered a planet anymore. It’s a large object orbiting the sun--the tenth largest that we know of--but astronomers changed its classification to dwarf planet when better telescopes improved their ability to see far-away objects. Pluto was discovered in 1930 and from then on became one of the nine planets all schoolchildren learned. It was the farthest out of the nine planets (light from the sun takes five hours to reach Pluto), so not much was known about it at first. As bigger and better telescopes became available, astronomers discovered that it is made of ice and rock and is about one-sixth the mass of the moon. In the 1990s, astronomers made another discovery about Pluto. It was but one of several objects orbiting the sun in an area called the Kuiper belt. One of these objects, Eris, was even larger than Pluto. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union formally defined the term planet and excluded Pluto. Pluto and Eris are now known as dwarf planets.
[253]	Preparing your home for the winter season	As winter approaches, many people spend time making their homes warmer and cozier. Preparing a home for the cold can involve many tasks, both big and small. Some people check the windows and doors to make sure cold air can’t leak inside. Others add heavy curtains or blankets to keep warmth in. Heating systems are often inspected and cleaned, and many families place warm carpets or rugs on the floors. In some places, people also make plans to clear snow from the driveway and pathways to make it safer to walk outside. Beyond basic comfort, preparing for winter can also be a special tradition for families or housemates. They might decorate their homes with soft lighting, warm-colored pillows, or even winter-themed decorations. Preparing special foods like stews, soups, or baked treats becomes more important as the days grow colder. These activities not only protect people from the cold, but also provide an opportunity to bond and create a feeling of togetherness. For language learners, these preparations are a great topic for discussion because everyone’s home routines and winter traditions are a little bit different.
[254]	Recognizing warning signs of a stroke	A stroke happens when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, which stops the brain from getting oxygen and nutrients. This can lead to rapid brain cell death and requires immediate medical attention. Common warning signs include sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body. You might also notice confusion, trouble speaking clearly, or difficulty understanding others. Other symptoms can be problems seeing in one or both eyes and sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance. If you suspect someone is having a stroke, remember the FAST test: Face—ask the person to smile and see if one side droops; Arms—ask them to raise both arms and see if one arm drifts downward; Speech—ask them to speak and listen for strange or slurred speech; Time—if you see any of these signs, call emergency services right away. Quick action is very important. The sooner a stroke victim gets medical help, the better their chance of minimizing damage and making a good recovery.
[255]	Restaurant	Restaurants, or establishments that specialize in providing customers with foods and drinks, are frequented by the vast majority of individuals, for purposes relating to socializing, business, convenience, and more. After being seated, restaurant customers (or diners) are greeted by a waiter, or the individual who takes orders and transports foods and beverages to tables, while helping customers with any questions, concerns, or preferences they may have. Diners usually provide waiters with their beverage orders initially, so as to have additional time to browse the menu, or the booklet-style document that contains a restaurant's offered foods, desserts, drinks, and more (along with prices for each item). When a waiter returns with the ordered beverages (it's customary for diners who don't purchase a drink to request water, even if they don't plan to drink it), he or she will usually ask if the diners are "all set" with their orders, or if they'd like more time to browse the menu. Once a customer is ready to order, he or she simply relays the desired food(s), along with any special preparation requests ("Please hold the mayonnaise"/"Please cook my meal well-done"). Certain waiters will ask additional questions about a meal's specifics, such as which side dish is preferred (some have multiple choices) and cooking preferences. After that, the order is brought to the kitchen, where it's prepared before being delivered to diners. Occasionally, issues with ordered food will be encountered; these issues can concern quite a few aspects of a meal, including the way it was cooked ("My steak is overdone"), the way it wasn't cooked ("My fish is raw"), or the way it was served ("I found a hair in my meal"). In these instances, diners would be wise to make a complaint, or a formal declaration of dissatisfaction with a meal. Complaints should be initially brought to the attention of waiters. Diners, remembering that said waiters didn't play a part in the preparation of the food and that restaurant chefs are rather busy, should politely and calmly relay their concerns. Waiters will, depending upon the wishes of the customer, arrange for additional cooking (for undercooked meals), arrange for a newly cooked meal to be prepared (for overcooked/contaminated meals), or arrange for a comp, or a meal provided to customers free of charge, in recognition of a special circumstance (for customers who don't wish to receive new food or have their current food recooked). Occasionally, waiters will present dissatisfied customers' complaints to a manager, or an individual in-charge of a facility at any given time, who will then resolve the issue.
[256]	Santa Claus around the World	In the United States, Santa Claus is a fat, old bearded man in a red suit that slides down chimneys and leaves presents for good children under the Christmas tree. How did this beloved holiday character develop? He is actually a combination of several Christmas characters from around the world, all sharing their roots with a real man who did give toys to children every year. In England, Father Christmas delivers presents to good children. Father Christmas is dressed in a long green cloak with a hood and a wreath of holly around his head. In France, he is known as Pere Noel and sports a long red cloak with white fur trim. Pere Noel has a striped sash tied around his waist and a peddler's sack on his back. In Austria, Switzerland and Germany, Christkind is actually a woman who leaves presents for children! The real Santa Claus was a man named Nicholas. He was a real toy maker who made toys for children. He would leave the toys on the doorsteps of children in his village every year.
[257]	School	School, or an educational setting wherein particular knowledge, skills, and/or information is taught to students, just as across the rest of the world, is very important in America. In short, school allows hard-working individuals to develop an understanding of personally interesting topics, so that this understanding can ultimately be applied to a job, or a form of employment wherein employees perform a service or duty in exchange for financial compensation. From kindergarten to college, school doesn't vary all that much in style, but simply focuses on different material. A class, or collection of students who're to be taught, gathers in the classroom, or area intended for use for teaching purposes. A teacher (or professor, at the college level) describes information that he or she believes will be important to students and class goals, and students pay attention and take notes, with the intention of putting learned information to use on tests and exams, or formal, question-based measurements of understanding. Students (or those enrolled in classes) are provided with periodic breaks, or periods of time that feature no classwork, wherein they can relax, study (review course materials), or socialize (interact with friends and classmates). Schoolteachers report to the principal (headmaster), or the manager of an educational facility's staff, students, and lessons. Generally speaking, students use pencils (small writing utensils that produce erasable lines), rulers (utensils used to measure length), notebooks (collections of paper used to store written information), books (collections of information concerning a specific subject or topic), and more throughout the day. School's main subjects include mathematics/math (the study of numbers), English/literature (the study of the English language, writing, reading, spelling, and grammar), history (the study of the events of a nation or period), and science (the study of one of the many fields of natural law), but many other subjects can also be explored by students.
[258]	Shopping for groceries on a budget	Going grocery shopping is a typical part of adulthood, but it can be harder than it seems when you are watching your spending. For many people, it's important to create a weekly or monthly budget that includes food, cleaning supplies, and maybe some small treats. One helpful strategy is to make a shopping list before going to the store. This can prevent impulse buying and help you focus on purchasing what you truly need. Comparing prices, buying store brands, and using coupons or loyalty cards are small steps that can save money in the long term. Another useful habit is planning meals ahead of time. Meal planning helps avoid waste because you buy only the ingredients you plan to use. It is also easier to eat healthy by preparing meals at home rather than relying on take-out or ready-made food. Some people also find it helpful to shop in the evening or early morning since stores may offer discounts on items that need to be sold quickly. Grocery shopping on a budget requires some practice and patience, but it is a valuable skill that makes daily life easier and more affordable.
[259]	Sleepwalking	Lizzie heard her alarm and woke up. She was disoriented; she was on the couch but the sound of her alarm came from her room upstairs. Had she fallen asleep on the couch? No, she distinctly remembered getting in her bed. She must have been sleepwalking. She was a little worried, so she looked up sleepwalking on the Internet. She found that sleepwalking is considered a parasomnia, an unwanted or undesirable behavior during sleep. Well, she certainly found it undesirable! What if she had done something dangerous while sleepwalking? Sleepwalking occurs during the deepest stage of NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep and most often occurs in children. It can be caused by sleep deprivation, stress, or fever. Lizzie had stayed up late studying, so she figured stress and fatigue both contributed. Sleepwalking is fairly common, Lizzie read. About 18% of the population does it at some point in their lives. It’s not usually a cause for concern, but the sleepwalker can possibly get hurt or embarrassed by an episode. Lizzie decided she would not stay up late studying again!
[260]	Sports	Sports, or skill-based games that feature objectives and goals, are awesome ways to burn stress, exercise, relax, and have fun. Moreover, sports are ingrained in America's social fabric, and are very, very popular amongst a variety of individuals. In short, between playing, watching, and talking about sports, it's difficult to not become familiar with at least some of the following, in America: American football, or a full-contact (involving tackling other players), multi-person sport wherein teams use a variety of plays and techniques to try and move the ball into opposing teams' end zones (thereby scoring points), is perhaps the most popular sport in America. American football is fast-paced and exciting, and is played at the youth, high school, college, and professional levels. Football games are comprised of four quarters. Baseball is a team-based, no-contact sport wherein offensive teams attempt to score runs (points) by successfully hitting baseballs that're pitched (thrown) by pitchers on defensive teams. One batter bats at a time, and defensive team members attempt to "field," or catch/throw a ball to the proper teammate, so as to prevent these batters from getting "on base." Three bases—first, second, and third—comprise every baseball field, and once players make it to home plate (the platform that sits between the first and third bases)they score a point for their team. Every regulation baseball game is nine innings long, and each team bats and fields once per inning. Basketball is a team-based, no contact sport wherein two teams compete to have the most points; points are earned by placing the basketball in the opposing team's hoop, while said team tries to prevent other players from scoring by playing defense. "Shots" made within a certain area around a hoop are worth two points, while those made outside of this area are worth three points. Basketball games consist of four quarters. Ice hockey is a team-based, semi-contact sport wherein players attempt to launch a hockey puck into the opposing team's goal to score points. Ice hockey games consist of four quarters. Soccer (also known as football in Europe) is a team-based , no-contact sport wherein players attempt to score points by kicking a soccer ball into the opposing team's goal to score points. Boxing is a single-person, full-contact sport wherein combatants, wearing gloves and being subjected to a specific ruleset, try to land more punches than opposing fighters. Boxing matches vary in length, but generally consist of 12 three-minute rounds at the professional level. Other sports are popular in the United States, but admittedly aren't quite as popular as those described. These sports include volleyball, tennis, golf, skiing, swimming, and cycling, amongst others. Although important, these sports typically aren't watched by massive crowds, in America—both in front of the television and in-person.
[261]	Starting a community garden project	Many cities now encourage residents to start community gardens, where neighbors can grow vegetables, herbs, and flowers together. This not only helps people enjoy fresher food but also creates a sense of cooperation and pride in the local area. At the beginning, organizing a community garden requires talking with your neighbors, finding a suitable piece of land, and getting permission from the local authorities or the landowner. Each member can be in charge of a small plot or work together as a team. It is important to plan what to plant and decide how everyone will share the work and the crops. After the garden is set up, regular meetings can help solve problems and manage tasks like watering, weeding, and harvesting. Some gardens even have special rules such as using only organic gardening methods or growing local plants. Community gardens often become more than just places for plants; they are spaces where people share recipes, learn new gardening skills, and organize special events. Children can learn about nature and healthy eating, while adults may meet new friends or reconnect with old ones. In the end, a community garden can make a neighborhood greener and more welcoming for everyone.
[262]	Summer	My favorite season of the year is summer. I love the warm weather, the sunny days, and spending time outdoors with my friends and family. Every summer, my family and I travel to the beach on the Atlantic coast. We always have a lot of fun together. Before arriving at the beach, we apply a lot of sunscreen to protect our skin from the sun’s strong rays. We also wear sunglasses to shield our eyes. I bought a new bathing suit this year. It is blue with polka dots, and I am very excited to wear it for the first time. At the beach, we usually bring many things along with us. We have chairs and blankets for lounging on the sand, an umbrella for shade, and a cooler full of snacks and drinks. When we open the cooler, we have to be careful about the hungry seagulls. These birds can swoop down from the sky at any moment and steal our food. I like spending a lot of time swimming in the ocean along with my siblings. We make sure that we swim in a spot monitored by a lifeguard in the case of an emergency. In the water, I like to bodysurf, especially when the waves are big. My younger siblings are afraid of deeper water. They stay in the shallow parts, where the water only comes up to my knees. Sometimes during our vacation, my father rents a small boat, and he takes us out on a fishing trip with our fishing rods. This year, we were very lucky. We caught a bounteous supply of fish that mom fried up later that night to serve as an amazing dinner. It was so delicious! A vacation at the beach is the perfect way for my family to relax and enjoy each other’s company.
[263]	Taking care of your first pet	Getting your first pet is an exciting moment in life. Many people choose animals like cats, dogs, fish, or birds as their first companions. Before bringing a pet home, it is important to study the needs of the animal, such as what food it should eat and how often it needs care. Basic responsibilities include providing fresh water every day, giving the pet enough exercise, and cleaning its living area. Some pets also need special equipment, like cages or tanks, and visits to the veterinarian for vaccinations and health check-ups. Taking care of a pet not only teaches responsibility but also brings joy and comfort. New pet owners often learn about patience and empathy, as they must understand when their pet feels scared, sick, or happy. Building a strong relationship with your pet usually takes time. Regular play, gentle training, and daily attention help to make your pet feel safe and loved. As you get to know your companion better, you may notice unique habits and personalities. Caring for a pet requires daily effort, but the reward is a loyal friend who can help reduce stress and make you feel less lonely. In the end, owning a pet can be a wonderful way to grow, both emotionally and practically.
[264]	The Bunny and the Bear	Once upon a time, a rabbit lived in a burrow on a tall hill. He enjoyed a peaceful life without any disturbances. The sun was always shining, and he always had plenty of grass to eat. One day, the rabbit heard a strange noise outside of his burrow. He went to investigate, and to his shock, he saw a gigantic bear! "Hello," said the bear. "May I have some of your grass?" "I didn't know that bears ate grass," said the rabbit. "It's for my wife," replied the bear. "She wants to make a new skirt." This made the rabbit laugh, and he taught the bear how to gather grass using his teeth and his front paws. The bear was so friendly that the rabbit wasn't even afraid of his big body. When they were done gathering grass, the rabbit said farewell to the bear. "Come back after your wife has made the skirt!" he called, waving and hopping up and down. "I'd love to see it!"
[265]	The changing significance of New Year’s Eve	New Year’s Eve has long been a symbol of transition and celebration—a moment to say goodbye to the challenges and joys of one year while welcoming the fresh possibilities of another. Traditionally marked by fireworks, parties, or family gatherings, the occasion holds different meanings for people across generations and cultures. In the past, the focus might have been on communal revelry, with city-wide festivities or family rituals taking center stage. In recent years, however, many have started to value quieter, more personal ways of marking the transition. For some, this means celebrating in small groups or even spending the evening in quiet reflection, while others maintain or reinvent lively traditions with friends and loved ones. This evolution in the way people approach New Year’s Eve reflects broader changes in attitudes towards celebration and personal well-being. For the language learner, the topic offers an excellent chance to discuss traditions and preferences, compare cross-cultural customs, and expand vocabulary related to time, reflection, and celebration. By sharing stories about how they greet the new year—whether with grand festivities or quiet journals—learners develop both language skills and cultural awareness. As society shifts towards more individualized celebrations, New Year’s Eve continues to be a powerful symbol of endings and beginnings, adaptable to each person’s hopes, needs, and vision for the year ahead.
[266]	The complexity of giving and receiving at Christmas	Gift-giving is at the heart of many Christmas celebrations, yet it brings both joy and subtle challenges. The choices involved in selecting presents can be stressful, especially when people feel pressured to find the “perfect” gift for everyone on their list. The act of giving can sometimes shift from an expression of affection to an obligation, with expectations and comparisons dampening the festive mood. On the other hand, there is great satisfaction in thoughtfully choosing something that will make a loved one happy, and the process can foster a deeper sense of connection. Different families and cultures approach gift-giving in unique ways, blending old customs with new trends like homemade presents, experience gifts, and secret exchanges. Receiving presents can be equally complex. People might feel uncomfortable accepting costly gifts or uncertain about how to express gratitude if a present does not match their tastes or needs. Moreover, for those on tight budgets, the tradition of giving and receiving can create feelings of inadequacy or disappointment. Beyond the social intricacies, the true spirit of the tradition often surfaces in the smallest gestures, such as handmade cards or simply spending quality time together. For language learners, reflecting on the language used in thank-you notes, holiday conversations, and wish lists can provide a deeper understanding of social customs and enrich communication during the festive season.
[267]	The environmental impact of holiday shopping	The surge in shopping around Thanksgiving and Black Friday has significant environmental repercussions. The mass production and transport of discounted goods contribute to increased carbon emissions, while the rush of packaging and wrapping materials leads to a spike in waste. Every year, billions of dollars in goods are purchased, leading to greater demand for manufacturing and shipping. This boom places strain on natural resources, from water and energy use to deforestation linked to packaging and product creation, making holiday shopping an environmental concern. In response, many consumers are reconsidering their approach to holiday shopping. Efforts to promote “Green Friday” and sustainable gifting are growing, encouraging the purchase of locally made or secondhand products and less wasteful behavior. Companies are also being asked to adopt more environmentally friendly practices, such as improving packaging or using renewable energy sources in their operations. For language learners, understanding the environmental impact of cultural traditions offers meaningful insight into how values and behaviors shift in response to global concerns, and highlights language related to sustainability and environmental responsibility.
[268]	The evolution of the Thanksgiving Day parade	The Thanksgiving Day parade has become an iconic fixture of the holiday in the United States, most famously embodied by the annual Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City. This event’s origins trace back to the early 1920s, when employees of Macy’s, inspired by European parades, organized a festive procession to draw customers to their store. The parade featured floats, professional entertainers, and live animals borrowed from the Central Park Zoo. As its popularity grew, it cemented itself as a beloved annual tradition, broadcast on national television since 1948, and reaching millions of viewers each year. Over the decades, the parade has evolved in style and spectacle, replacing live animals with enormous helium balloons modeled after popular cartoon characters. Marching bands, dance troupes, and celebrity performances have added layers of entertainment, transforming the parade into a full-blown variety show. This evolution reflects broader trends in American popular culture and mass media, with the parade serving as both a celebration of the holiday spirit and a showcase of technological and creative innovations. For advanced language learners, the spectacle of the parade offers insight into how holidays adapt to media trends and collective imagination, intertwining tradition with modern entertainment.
[269]	The hidden history behind Black Friday	Black Friday is often thought of as the ultimate shopping day, characterized by crowded stores, long queues, and impressive discounts. However, the history of this commercial phenomenon is far more nuanced than most people imagine. The name “Black Friday” was first used in the 1960s in Philadelphia, not to describe a shopping frenzy, but to refer to the heavy and disruptive pedestrian and vehicle traffic that occurred on the day after Thanksgiving. Police officers coined the term to highlight the difficulties they faced due to the unruly crowds, but over time, retailers rebranded the term to mark the beginning of the Christmas shopping season. This rebranding suggested that it was the day when retailers moved from being "in the red" (operating at a loss) to being "in the black" (making a profit), giving the day a positive financial connotation. Black Friday’s transformation into a retail event was gradual, spurred by the rise of consumer culture and the increasing importance of holiday gift-giving. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Black Friday evolved from being primarily an in-store event to one that includes massive online participation, with many deals now launching earlier in the week or even in the month. The influence of Black Friday is so extensive that it now marks the start of a global shopping season, influencing trends and sales worldwide. For language learners, understanding the complex history of Black Friday provides insight into how commercial traditions are shaped and renamed over time, reflecting broader changes in society and consumer behavior.
[270]	The longest and most scenic Train Ride	Have you ever wondered what it would be like to travel from one coast of the United States to the other completely by train? Not only is this journey possible, it is one of the longest and most popular train rides in the world. Starting in New York City along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, Amtrak's Lake Shore Limited train will take you up the coast of New York state, across Pennsylvania and down through Ohio and Indiana before slowly making its way into Chicago's Union Station. From there, you would enjoy a short layover in the "Windy City" before boarding the California Zephyr train to San Francisco. The journey will then take you through the flat plains of Illinois, Iowa and Nebraska before making a dramatic early morning arrival in Denver, Colorado. From there the train climbs into the Rocky Mountains and snakes through the canyons of Utah and the Nevada desert before taking a slow stroll through the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. The train arrives in San Francisco in late afternoon with the Pacific Ocean as a backdrop. The entire journey takes about 71 hours and is the longest train ride in the United States.
[271]	The Miracle in the Andes	The Andes Flight Disaster, later known as "The Miracle in the Andes" was a small chartered plane that started in Montevideo, Uruguay and was scheduled to land in Santiago, Chile. The flight contained 45 people---members of the Old Christians rugby team and their doctors and families. There were three crew members, a pilot and a co-pilot. The co-pilot miscalculated the flight's location, thinking that the plane was in the vicinity of Curico, Chile. He then started descending toward the airport. Instead, the plane was far off course, and the pilot struck a mountain, shearing off the wings and part of the tail section. The plane came to a stop with the fuselage intact. Of the passengers, 34 survived the initial impact. Search and rescue teams started looking for the downed aircraft immediately, but the white colored airplane was all but invisible in the snow-capped mountains. Rescue efforts were called off after eight days. After 62 days on the mountain with no rescue, two of the rugby team members, Roberto Canessa and Nando Parrado, decided to hike out of the mountains to get help. With no climbing experience, limited warm clothing and no food, the two young men hiked for 10 days in sub-zero temperatures from Argentina to Chile. They hiked nearly 34 miles and 5,000 feet until they found a farmer on horseback. Sixteen of the original passengers were rescued 72 days after the crash.
[272]	The quiet magic of wintry Christmas mornings	For many, Christmas morning is the highlight of the holidays, marked by anticipation and communal excitement. Yet, there is a special, often overlooked magic in the early hours before the bustle begins. The world outside is still, the streets are quiet, and a gentle light—sometimes with frost or snow—casts a peaceful glow through the window. This tranquil backdrop sets a gentle stage for reflection and gratitude, offering a rare pause in the usually hectic season. Savoring a cup of warm drink or opening the curtains to see how the world has changed overnight can be a powerful reminder of the beauty in small, quiet moments. These calm beginnings are precious, shaping the day with calmness before the joyful chaos of gifts, meals, and guests begins. Language learners may connect with this quiet side of Christmas in unique ways. Describing sensations—such as the softness of morning light, the silence broken only by distant church bells, or the warmth of a festive drink—offers opportunities to expand vocabulary related to atmosphere, feeling, and the senses. Such moments invite learners to practice reflection in another language, deepening their ability to share personal experiences. The calm of a Christmas morning, therefore, is more than a simple pause; it is a chance to observe, describe, and appreciate the gentle joys woven into the holiday fabric.
[273]	The wonder and challenges of the first snowfall	Every year, the first snowfall seems to arrive both suddenly and magically, transforming ordinary landscapes into something new and extraordinary. Streets and rooftops are quickly covered in layers of white, turning even familiar neighborhoods into winter wonderlands. For many people, there is a sense of excitement and anticipation that comes with this transformation, as memories of previous winters and snow-related activities return. Children rush outside to experience the cold flakes firsthand—catching them on their tongues or trying to make the season’s first snowball. Even adults can’t help but pause for a moment, admiring the way city lights sparkle against the fresh snow, and remembering their own childhood snow days. However, the first heavy snowfall of the year also brings with it a series of practical challenges. Road conditions become dangerous and commutes can take much longer than usual, forcing cities and drivers to adjust their routines. Homeowners must remember to shovel sidewalks and clear driveways, while those with pets have to find new strategies for winter walks. There is also an adjustment in daily clothing: scarves, gloves, and boots become necessities rather than options. While the first snow is undeniably enchanting, it also demands preparation and patience. It is this mix of beauty and inconvenience that makes the first snow such a unique and memorable event each year.
[274]	Tools in my Dad’s Shop	Sometimes my dad lets me go inside of his workshop. He has hammers and nails inside his workshop. A hammer is used to hit nails into wood. He also has a drill and screws. A drill is used to twist screws into wood. He also has a screwdriver that can be used to twist screws into wood. Sometimes I like to watch my dad use his saw. He uses the saw to cut pieces of wood. This is dangerous, so only my dad does this. My sister and I do not use the saw. When my dad cuts wood, he will also use a ruler. My dad uses the ruler to draw straight lines.
[275]	Tour bus agenda (dialogue)	Tour Leader: Good morning, everyone, and welcome aboard our New York City tour. I want to review with all of you our itinerary for the day so that we can remain on schedule. First, we will be visiting the Statue of Liberty. We should arrive at the Battery Park docks by 9:00 a.m., and there is a ferry that comes every fifteen minutes to take passengers to Liberty Island. Tourist 1: Should we expect to take the 9:15 or the 9:30 ferry? Tour Leader: We plan on taking the earlier ferry at 9:15, and we should arrive by 9:45. We will spend two hours on the island, and we will return at 11:15. Please be prompt. Tourist 2: What is next on our schedule for the day? Tour Leader: Next, we will visit the Museum of Modern Art. There will be individual headsets offered to provide additional information about the works of art. We will spend an hour and a half at the museum. Tourist 1: What time will it be when we finish at the museum? Tour Leader: We should finish at the museum by 1:00 in the afternoon. The tour allots an hour and fifteen minutes for lunch, so we should expect to be back on the bus by 2:15. Tourist 2: What is planned for the remainder of the afternoon? Tour Leader: The rest of the afternoon is open for shopping and sightseeing. The tour bus will drop us off for sightseeing around 2:45. Those that prefer to shop independently may use the afternoon as free time. Tourist 1: When should we plan on returning to the bus at the end of the afternoon? Tour Leader: We would like for you to be back to the bus by quarter to five. The bus will leave promptly at 5:00, so we encourage you all to arrive early.
[276]	Travel changes you	I love to travel. I have seen some beautiful places throughout Europe. I've been to Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom. My next destination will be Japan; I haven't been there yet. Travel is an experience that changes you. Travel increases your knowledge of other cultures. It also helps you create memories and improves your creativity. I once took a cooking class when I traveled through Germany. Traveling outside the United States has encouraged me to explore photography. On a trip to Spain in 2018, I took pictures and played with different colors, shapes, and angles. In 2019, I posed for a photo in front of Westminster Abbey when I was in the United Kingdom.
[277]	Traveling alone for the first time	Traveling by yourself can feel both exciting and a little scary, especially if it’s your first time. Planning ahead makes the experience smoother—start by choosing a destination that feels safe and manageable based on your comfort level. Prepare important documents, maps, and phrases in the local language, if needed. When you travel alone, you are responsible for making decisions about where to go, what to eat, and how to spend your time. This freedom allows you to explore at your own pace and discover new interests that you might not have found while traveling with others. Solo travel is an excellent chance to grow more independent and confident. Many people meet new friends along the way, often in hostels, on tours, or in cafés. It is wise to stay aware of your surroundings and let someone know your plans each day for extra safety. Enjoy trying new foods or attending local events, and take time to reflect on your experiences by keeping a travel journal. Traveling alone can teach important life skills, build self-trust, and create unforgettable adventures that you remember for years.
[278]	Travelling	Traveling, or the process of visiting a destination, is a rewarding way to see new sights, meet new people, and learn about other cultures. Furthermore, from start to finish, traveling is an enjoyable and all-encompassing practice that will broaden one's horizons (or allow him or her to better relate to and understand the world). The first step of the traveling process is choosing a destination, or picking out the place that will be visited. One can set a nearby city as a destination, or can navigate across the globe to a different country. After a destination has been chosen, travelers should book a flight, or arrange to fly in an airplane to the selected destination. Flights can be booked online or through travel agencies (or businesses that specialize in arranging travel accommodations), and will need to be selected based upon one's schedule. Importantly, anyone who plans to visit a foreign country will need a passport, or a government-issued travel document that must be shown before entering any nation. Making a hotel reservation, or a plan to use a specific room to sleep and live in during a certain period, is the next step of the travel process. Wherever one is visiting, he or she will need to find time to sleep and relax—and that's where hotels, or businesses that specialize in providing accommodations, come in. Hotel reservations are most often made over the internet, with respect to a traveler's preferences and needs. After that, travelers should, on the date of their flight, head to the airport. Be sure to bring extra money to pay for parking and a shuttle service (or a service that brings travelers and their luggage to the airport entrance); shuttle services are optional, but will make airport experiences much more pleasant. At the airport, travelers will provide their belongings to security agents and let airline employees know that they've arrived, so that security requirements can be fulfilled; this is referred to as the check-in process. Checking in isn't particularly difficult, but it can be rather time consuming, as travelers will need to pass through metal detectors, potentially removing prohibited items from their person after they do so. Lines are long, progress is slow, and 10 minutes can go by in what feels like no time at all, In short, checking in for flights can take a tremendous amount of time, and to assure that travelers don't miss their departures, they should arrive at least 90 minutes before their flight's scheduled departure time. Traveling becomes much easier after that step, as travelers wait in a gate, or an area where airplane fliers relax before their flights leave. These fliers are then called by an employee to board the plane. Once on the plane, travelers will depart, or leave for their destination, after being spoken to be the pilot, or the individual responsible for operating the plane, via loudspeaker. After arriving at their destination, travelers should navigate to their hotel and, at the front desk in the hotel lobby (central area for relaxing and leaving/arriving), check-in. Much like checking in at an airport, checking in at a hotel is as simple as letting staff know of an arrival; they will then provide room keys and answers to any questions one may have. After that, one's hotel room is ready to go! In the rare instance that a hotel room is in some way not quite as good as was expected, one should make a complaint. Complaints are most often made in hotels by using a room's phone to call the front desk and voicing said concerns; hotel staff will then fix the issue(s) at-hand.
[279]	Two Roosters	The chicks from the winter were nearly grown. There were six hens and two roosters. All the hens acted about the same. The roosters were very different. One was the perfect example of a rooster with long green tail feathers. The other rooster was short with brown tail feathers that stuck out in awkward lines. The ugly rooster seemed to know he was ugly, because he was mean. He spent most of his time bullying all the other chickens and his caretakers. To be happy, each rooster needs 10 hens. One of the roosters needed to be slaughtered. The beautiful rooster was shy because he was bullied so often by the ugly rooster. The ugly rooster was taken for supper.
[280]	Types of Barbecue Sauce	Barbecue sauce is a centuries-old Southern American tradition. The sauce is used to baste, marinate or top barbecued or grilled meat such as chicken, pork or beef. There are many different regional variations of barbecue sauce with each type having a distinctive flavor. North Carolina has two distinct types of barbecue sauce: Eastern Carolina sauce is sharp and vinegar-based, while Western Carolina sauce adds tomatoes for a richer flavor. South Carolina sauce is mustard-based, while Memphis sauce uses molasses for a sweeter flavor. The most popular version is Kansas City sauce, which is a thicker and sweeter version of Western Carolina sauce. Finally, Texas sauce uses less tomato and is more heavily spiced than other versions.
[281]	Visiting the Dentist	Hector was nervous about visiting the dentist, but the dental hygienist was very nice and kept him calm. First, she had Hector sit in a big chair and placed a cloth over his shirt. Then, the hygienist started cleaning Hector’s teeth. She used a tool that squirted water and scraped all of his teeth clean. It was uncomfortable, but Hector knew it was good for him. After the hygienist cleaned, the dentist came in. He looked at all of Hector’s teeth and made sure there weren’t any problems. The dentist said that he found two cavities. Hector knew what that meant- more visits to the dentist.
[282]	Where is Your Car Made?	Some of the most well-known American car brands are Ford, General Motors, Pontiac and Cadillac. Although these companies have American names and originally made their products in the USA, several of these companies make most of their vehicles in other countries such as Canada and Mexico. Car brands such as Mercedes (Germany), BMW (Germany), Nissan (Japan) and Hyundai (Japan), which most people consider foreign companies, build many of their cars in American manufacturing facilities. If you want to buy an American-made car, you cannot depend on the brand name; you will have to research where the car you want was made.
[283]	Why cranberry sauce divides Thanksgiving tables	Cranberry sauce, a staple at Thanksgiving dinners, can elicit strong opinions—sometimes dividing even the closest families. For certain diners, only the homemade version, slow-cooked with fresh cranberries, sugar, and orange zest, will do. Others have nostalgic ties to the canned, jellied variety that retains the shape of the tin, slices easily, and brings back memories of simpler childhood Thanksgivings. The debates can become surprisingly passionate, with each camp defending the merits of their preferred style. These preferences are shaped by family traditions, regional influences, and the associations built up over years of celebration. Beyond questions of taste and texture, the cranberry sauce debate reflects broader themes about the role of tradition and innovation at the Thanksgiving table. Some cooks enjoy experimenting with ingredients such as ginger, pears, or liqueur, introducing new flavors while keeping the spirit of the dish intact. Meanwhile, purists argue that the classics should remain untouched, honoring the foods prepared by past generations. Ultimately, the cranberry sauce divide highlights how even the smallest details of a holiday meal carry deep meaning, creating connections to both the past and the present, and sparking conversation long after the last plate is cleared.
[284]	Winter	I had never skied in my life until last January when my friends invited me on a trip to a ski resort in Vermont. Before leaving, I made sure to pack all of my winter clothes, including sweaters, gloves, a hat, a scarf, thick pants, and a ski jacket. I also purchased new sunglasses that I could wear to shield my eyes from the bright glare of the white snow. When we arrived at the ski resort, we stood in line and purchased tickets at the ticket window. The ticket granted us access to the slopes and ski lifts all afternoon. We also were able to rent ski equipment at an affordable price. My friends wanted to help me learn to ski on the beginner slopes. At the top of the hill, they showed me how to maintain balance and coordination with ski poles in my hands. A few of my friends went down the slope before me so that I could watch their form and posture. I was nervous, but I appreciated their willingness to help me. When I felt ready, I put my ski poles in the snow, leaned forward, and I began to slide down the slope. As soon as I began to move faster, I had already arrived at the bottom of the hill with success. My friends cheered me on to show their support. I practiced a few more times on the smaller slopes. Later, I watched my friends go down the intermediate slopes on skis and snowboards. At the end of the day, we stopped for a meal inside the ski lodge. We ordered hot chocolate and some snacks as we sat by the fireplace and celebrated my first time skiing with success.
[285]	Christmas	A Christian holiday signifying the birth of Jesus, Christmas is widely celebrated and enjoyed across the United States and the world. The holiday always falls on 25 December (regardless of the day of the week), and is typically accompanied by decorations, presents, and special meals. Specifically, the legend behind Christmas (and the one that most children are told) is that Santa Claus, a bearded, hefty, jolly, and red-jacket-wearing old man who lives in the North Pole, spends the year crafting presents with his elves, or small, festive, excited Santa-assistants. All the children who behave throughout the year are admitted to the Good List, and will presumably receive their desired gifts on Christmas, while those who don't behave are placed on the Naughty List, and will presumably (although the matter is determined by parents) receive a lump of coal. Santa Claus is said to fly around the Christmas sky in a sled powered by his magical reindeer, or cold-resistant, mythically powered, individually named animals, delivering presents to each child's house in the process. Santa is also expected to slide through chimneys to deliver these presents (homes not equipped with chimneys might "leave the front door cracked open"), and children sometimes arrange cookies or other treats on a plate for him to enjoy. Gifts are placed underneath a Christmas tree, or a pine tree that's decorated with ornaments and/or lights and is symbolic of the holiday. Additionally, smaller gifts may be placed inside a stocking, or a sock-shaped, holiday-specific piece of fabric that's generally hung on the mantle of a fireplace (homes without fireplaces might use the wall). A Christmas tree's ornaments, or hanging, typically spherical decorations, in addition to the mentioned lights, may be accompanied by a star, or a representation of the Star of Jerusalem that the Three Apostles followed while bringing Baby Jesus gifts and honoring him, in the Bible.
[286]	Human body parts and organs	It goes without saying that humans (mammals identifiable as those that stand upright and are comparatively advanced and capable of detailed thought) have pretty remarkable bodies, given all that they've accomplished. (Furthermore, an especially intelligent human brain produced this text!) To be sure, humans have overcome predators, disease, and all sorts of other obstacles over thousands of years. To fully understand and appreciate these accomplishments, let's take at some of the most well-known parts of the human body! The head, or the spherical body part that contains the brain and rests at the top of the human body, has quite a few individual organs and body parts on it. (It should quickly be mentioned that hair occupies the space on top of the head, and the ears, the organs responsible for hearing, are located on either side of the head.) From top to bottom, the eyebrows, or horizontal strips of hair that can be found above the eye, are the first components of the head. The eyes are below them, and are round, orb-like organs that allow humans to see. The eyes make way for the nose, or an external (sticking-out) organ that plays an important part in the breathing and bacteria-elimination processes. Below that is the mouth, or a wide, cavernous organ that chews food, removes bacteria, helps with breathing, and more. The mouth contains teeth, or small, white-colored, pointed body parts used to chew food, and the tongue, or a red-colored, boneless organ used to chew food and speak. The neck is the long body part that connects the head to the chest (the muscular body part that protects the heart and lungs), and the stomach, or the part of the body that contains food and liquid-processing organs, comes below that. The legs are the long, muscular body parts that allow humans to move from one spot to another and perform a variety of actions. Each leg contains a thigh (a thick, especially muscular body part used to perform strenuous motions; the upper part of the leg) and a calf (thinner, more flexible body part that absorbs the shock associated with movement; the lower part of the leg). Feet can be found at the bottom of legs, and each foot is comprised of five toes, or small appendages that help balance. Arms are long, powerful body parts that are located on either side of chest, below the shoulders;arms are comprised of biceps (the thicker, more powerful upper portion), and forearms (the thinner, more flexible lower portion). Hands, or small, gripping body parts used for a tremendous number of actions, are at the end of arms. Each hand contains five fingers, or small appendages used to grip objects. The aforementioned shoulders are rounded body parts that aid arms' flexibility. One's back is found on the opposite side of the stomach, and is a flat section of the body that contains important muscles that're intended to protect the lungs and other internal organs, in addition to helping humans perform certain motions and actions.
[287]	Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918	The deadliest virus in modern history, perhaps of all time, was the 1918 Spanish Flu. It killed about 20 to 50 million people worldwide, perhaps more. The total death toll is unknown because medical records were not kept in many areas. The pandemic hit during World War I and devastated military troops. In the United States, for instance, more servicemen were killed from the flu than from the war itself. The Spanish flu was fatal to a higher proportion of young adults than most flu viruses. The pandemic started mildly, in the spring of 1918, but was followed by a much more severe wave in the fall of 1918. The war likely contributed to the devastating mortality numbers, as large outbreaks occurred in military forces living in close quarters. Poor nutrition and the unsanitary conditions of war camps had an effect. A third wave occurred in the winter and spring of 1919, and a fourth, smaller wave occurred in a few areas in spring 1920. Initial symptoms of the flu were typical: sore throat, headache, and fever. The flu often progressed rapidly to cause severe pneumonia and sometimes hemorrhage in the lungs and mucus membranes. A characteristic feature of severe cases of the Spanish Flu was heliotrope cyanosis, where the patient’s face turned blue from lack of oxygen in the cells. Death usually followed within hours or days. Modern medicine such as vaccines, antivirals, and antibiotics for secondary infections were not available at that time, so medical personnel couldn’t do much more than try to relieve symptoms. The flu ended when it had infected enough people that those who were susceptible had either died or developed immunity.
[288]	Thanksgiving	Thanksgiving is a holiday celebrated predominantly in North America, and it possesses a different meaning in each of the countries where it's acknowledged. In the United States, Thanksgiving is a federal holiday (meaning all government employees and most private employees are given a day off of work), and always takes places on the Fourth Thursday in November, regardless of the date. The holiday signifies the immense progress made by pilgrims, or some of the first travelers to North America, at Plymouth Plantation circa 1621. It was at this time that the hungry and weary Pilgrims were taught (by Native Americans) how to grow and produce food on North America's unique terrain. Once they'd grown (and caught) an abundance of food, the Pilgrims were expectedly thankful, and they celebrated alongside the Native Americans who provided them with such valuable assistance. President Abraham Lincoln initiated the contemporary practice of Thanksgiving by calling for a "day of Thanksgiving" during one of his Civil War addresses. In America today, Thanksgiving remains firmly engrained in its historical roots, and is widely considered to be a day for giving thanks for good food, good times, and family. Thanksgiving dinner generally consists of turkey, mashed potatoes, stuffing, vegetables, gravy, and ample desserts. To be sure, indulging in abundance is a cornerstone of the holiday, as doing so could only be possible if one possesses abundance.
[289]	The Environment	In our modern world, there are many factors that place the wellbeing of the planet in jeopardy. While some people have the opinion that environmental problems are just a natural occurrence, others believe that human beings have a huge impact on the environment. Regardless of your viewpoint, take into consideration the following factors that place our environment as well as the planet Earth in danger. Global warming or climate change is a major contributing factor to environmental damage. Because of global warming, we have seen an increase in melting ice caps, a rise in sea levels, and the formation of new weather patterns. These weather patterns have caused stronger storms, droughts, and flooding in places that they formerly did not occur. Air pollution is primarily caused as a result of excessive and unregulated emissions of carbon dioxide into the air. Pollutants mostly emerge from the burning of fossil fuels in addition to chemicals, toxic substances, and improper waste disposal. Air pollutants are absorbed into the atmosphere, and they can cause smog, a combination of smoke and fog, in valleys as well as produce acidic precipitation in areas far away from the pollution source. In many areas, people and local governments do not sustainably use their natural resources. Mining for natural gases, deforestation, and even improper use of water resources can have tremendous effects on the environment. While these strategies often attempt to boost local economies, their effects can lead to oil spills, interrupted animal habitats, and droughts. Ultimately, the effects of the modern world on the environment can lead to many problems. Human beings need to consider the repercussions of their actions, trying to reduce, reuse, and recycle materials while establishing environmentally sustainable habits. If measures are not taken to protect the environment, we can potentially witness the extinction of more endangered species, worldwide pollution, and a completely uninhabitable planet.
[290]	The Grand Canyon	The Grand Canyon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Natural World, is located in the state of Arizona. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Formed by over 70 million years of erosion from the Colorado River, the Grand Canyon offers a spectacular view. The canyon spans 277 miles in length, up to 18 miles in width, and it measures over a mile in depth at its deepest points. Carlos always wanted to visit the Grand Canyon, and recently he received the chance to hike some of the trails and take several panoramic photographs during his visit. When Carlos arrived at the visitor center, he watched a brief movie that taught tourists about the Grand Canyon National Park and the geological history of the canyon’s formation. Later, Carlos followed a hiking trail to become even further acquainted with the canyon. While walking through the trails, Carlos saw some tourists riding donkeys to traverse the canyon’s ridges. Throughout his hiking expedition, Carlos used a map to find some of the best hot spots for photographs within the canyon. He revisited some areas at different points in the day because sun angles and lighting can make a big difference in the quality of a photo. Carlos was very pleased that he got to travel to the Grand Canyon. He loves hiking and photography, so this was the perfect outdoor experience for him. He posted all of his best pictures on social media, and his friends were amazed by his breathtaking, panoramic shots.
[291]	America's Largest National Park	The world's first national park, Yellowstone, covers 3,473 square miles and stretches through Northwest Wyoming and parts of Montana and Idaho in the Western United States. That makes this park larger than the states of Rhode Island and Delaware combined. There are 10,000 hydrothermal features in the park, including more than 500 active geysers, hot springs and mud pots. Yellowstone's lake has more than 141 miles of shoreline, making it the largest high elevation lake in North America. Yellowstone has over 68 species of mammals, the highest concentration of mammals anywhere in the United States outside of Alaska. The park has more than 285 species of birds, 150 of which are nesting. These birds can be spotted throughout the park, and many people flock Yellowstone to see their intricate nests. In its 2.2 million acres of land, Yellowstone has about 290 waterfalls, 1,000 miles of hiking trails and hundreds of camp grounds. The park also has its own museum that features artifacts like manuscripts, rare books and historic vehicles. The park sits on top of an active volcano and experiences between 1,000 and 3,000 earthquakes each year. The park is also home to two endangered species---the grizzly bear and the Canada lynx, so there are teams in the park dedicated to protecting these animals. Yellowstone is a national treasure, so if you're ever in the area, stop in and see what this marvelous park has to offer.
[292]	Balancing ambition with contentment in life	Modern society often encourages relentless pursuit of higher goals, whether in career, family, or personal growth. Ambition can be a powerful motivator, pushing you to seize opportunities and reach beyond your comfort zone. Yet, the constant striving for more can sometimes overshadow moments of genuine satisfaction. It’s all too easy to compare your progress to others or feel pressured by expectations, leaving little room to appreciate milestones you have already achieved or to savor simple joys in daily life. Finding a balance between ambition and contentment requires conscious effort and self-awareness. Taking time to reflect on what truly matters to you—rather than chasing societal ideals—can provide clarity and peace of mind. Some find fulfillment in their work or hobbies, while others cherish meaningful relationships or personal wellbeing. Recognizing and celebrating your own progress, even if it seems incremental, fosters deeper happiness. By appreciating the present while mindfully aiming for the future, you cultivate a mindset where ambition fuels growth without sacrificing gratitude for what you already have.
[293]	Basic principles of property law and ownership	Property law governs the rights and responsibilities associated with the ownership, use, and transfer of land, buildings, and other tangible or intangible assets. At its core, property law distinguishes between real property (land and structures) and personal property (movable items and intangible things like intellectual property). The law defines how property is acquired—through purchase, inheritance, or gift—and sets rules for transferring ownership, protecting rights, and resolving disputes. Property rights are fundamental in many societies, supporting economic development, investment, and social stability. Ownership also comes with duties and limitations. For example, zoning laws may restrict how land is used, and environmental regulations can require certain standards for property maintenance. Disputes commonly arise over boundaries, easements, leases, or co-ownership. Thus, a solid understanding of property law helps individuals and businesses navigate the challenges of acquiring, managing, or disposing of property, while also balancing private interests with the needs of the larger community.
[294]	How music shapes the Christmas experience	Music is a defining feature of the Christmas season, setting the mood for gatherings and rituals both public and private. From ancient carols sung in candlelit churches to modern pop hits played in crowded shopping malls, Christmas music unites people across generations and cultures. The repetition of familiar melodies—“Jingle Bells,” “Silent Night,” and countless others—creates a sense of continuity, linking the present moment with holidays past. Songs evoke emotions from joy to reflection, and can even help reduce the stress or loneliness felt by some during the hectic season. For many, singing or listening to carols is itself a meaningful holiday tradition. Choirs, school groups, and community ensembles add a sense of collective participation, strengthening social bonds. Some families have their own playlists or traditions for when and how they enjoy festive tunes. Language learners can benefit enormously from engaging with holiday music in English, as lyrics offer rich idiomatic expressions and cultural references. Moreover, joining in a sing-along can help with pronunciation and listening skills, making learning feel both festive and fun while connecting learners more deeply with cultural nuances and emotional undertones of the season.
[295]	In the Office	Mary, Annette, and Matt all work for a technology support office at a large university. Mary is the boss of the office. Annette is Mary’s assistant, and Matt is a computer technician. For all of them, the job is fast-paced and challenging, but they love their work. Every Monday, Mary holds a staff meeting with Annette and Matt. During the meeting, Mary and the staff discuss major projects and delegate tasks. Annette usually takes notes during the meetings. Part of her job is to summarize the meeting’s main objectives in a follow-up email for all staff to read. During the week, Mary tends to stay in her office to work, and she often schedules meetings with many other supervisors throughout the university. Annette usually answers phone calls for clients needing technological support, and she works on projects that Mary has assigned for the week. Because Matt is a computer technician, he usually leaves the office frequently to help coworkers throughout the university resolve their technology issues. This morning, he was sent to the Admissions Office because the printer there wasn’t working. Although the staff is small, every week they can accomplish a lot because they are all hard working individuals and have a great relationship with each other.
[296]	Jealousy among friends	Jealousy is an emotion that everyone experiences at some point, and it can be especially tricky to handle when it arises between friends. One day you might find yourself comparing your achievements, possessions, or social circles to those of your closest companion, and suddenly a sense of insecurity sneaks in. The tricky part is that while these feelings are often unintentional, they can grow if left unspoken. Honest conversations, though awkward at first, sometimes transform the dynamic for the better. By sharing your own feelings and listening to your friend’s perspective, you can keep jealousy from driving a wedge between you. Recognizing jealousy as a normal, albeit uncomfortable emotion is also a mature step. Instead of internalizing resentment or pretending nothing is wrong, focus on what you value in your friendship. Remind yourself that everyone’s life moves at a different pace and celebrate each other’s wins as collective milestones. Channel the energy of jealousy into motivation instead — maybe your friend’s new job or skill can inspire you rather than frustrate you. When addressed with empathy and honesty, envy can actually help deepen friendships and help both people grow.
[297]	Lightning Bugs	In some parts of the world, little lights can be seen flying around at night. The lights are actually lightning bugs, small insects that produce light. These insects are found in warm and tropical climates. They lay their eggs in moist soil, so they are found mostly in wetlands or areas close to a water source. Lightning bugs are also sometimes called fireflies or glowworms, but they are not flies or worms. They are actually soft-bodied beetles. They use their light to communicate, specifically to attract mates. In two areas of the world, Southeast Asia and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the southeastern area of the United States, the lightning bugs all blink at the same time. This is called simultaneous bioluminescence. A popular evening pastime for children and adults alike is to catch the glowing insects in a jar to provide a small lantern. Lightning bugs add a seemingly magical glow for a summer evening.
[298]	Navigating cultural differences with friends	When forming friendships with people from diverse backgrounds, cultural differences can both enrich and complicate daily interactions. At times, unfamiliar habits, gestures, or values may lead to misunderstandings or unintended offenses. It might be as simple as the way greetings are exchanged, attitudes towards punctuality, or differing views on personal space. Navigating these subtleties requires patience and an openness to learning; curiosity, rather than judgment, goes a long way in building trust. Friends who acknowledge their cultural differences often discover shared values beneath the surface. Open discussions about traditions, beliefs, and daily routines foster mutual respect and understanding. Shared experiences—like celebrating each other’s holidays, trying new foods, or learning phrases in another language—bring people closer together. Embracing cultural diversity within friendships challenges preconceived ideas and broadens perspectives, making every interaction an opportunity for personal growth and deeper connection.
[299]	Ordering in a restaurant with dietary restrictions	Dining out with dietary restrictions requires more than just scanning the menu for suitable options. For those with allergies, intolerances, or specific preferences, the process often starts before even entering the restaurant. Many contact the establishment in advance to ask about ingredients or preparation methods, ensuring they will have something appropriate to eat. Once at the restaurant, confidence and tact are essential when explaining dietary needs to the staff. Miscommunication can result in embarrassment at best—or a health risk at worst—making clarity and diplomacy crucial in such interactions. Restaurants increasingly accommodate various food requirements, but the level of knowledge among staff can still vary. The experience tests not only language skills but also assertiveness, as customers must sometimes insist on certain modifications or verify ingredients more than once. While some chefs may welcome the challenge of adapting dishes, others might express reluctance or confusion. For language learners, this scenario offers an excellent opportunity to practice advanced vocabulary and politeness strategies in real-life, high-stakes conversations and to appreciate the subtleties of persuasive yet respectful communication.
[300]	Planning a family celebration on a budget	Organizing a memorable family celebration doesn’t always require a large budget. With a little creativity and cooperation, families can create joyful gatherings using resources they already have. Brainstorming together might lead to ideas such as hosting a potluck, where every participant brings a different dish, or decorating the house with handmade crafts using recycled materials. Games and activities can be organized with household items—classic options like charades, scavenger hunts, or trivia can bring laughter without extra cost. Communicating openly about financial limitations also sets a positive example, especially for children, fostering values of appreciation and resourcefulness. The focus shifts from material gifts or expensive outings to shared experiences and thoughtful gestures, such as writing heartfelt notes or creating a group photo collage. When everyone contributes ideas and energy, the celebration feels personal and inclusive. Ultimately, it’s the warmth of being together, rather than the extravagance of the event, that creates lasting memories.
[301]	Rethinking the role of work in our lives	For many years, the dominant narrative in society has been that our careers not only provide financial security, but also define our identities and shape our sense of purpose. From an early age, children are often encouraged to tie their self-worth to their future professions, leading adults to devote extraordinary amounts of time and energy to climbing corporate ladders or becoming experts in their chosen fields. This relentless devotion can create a double-edged sword: while some people find deep fulfillment in their work, others become ensnared in cycles of stress, burnout, or existential dissatisfaction when their jobs fail to live up to expectations or are suddenly lost due to circumstances beyond their control. However, a growing movement challenges these conventional attitudes by advocating for a more holistic approach to work. Proponents argue that people can find meaning in a broader spectrum of activities outside the confines of traditional employment, such as volunteering, creative pursuits, or nurturing close relationships. Rather than measuring success solely by professional achievements or salaries, they encourage individuals to explore what truly matters to them and to rebalance priorities accordingly. This shift in perspective doesn't underplay the importance of being financially responsible but rather seeks to redefine ambition and satisfaction. It paves the way for a more diverse understanding of fulfillment, inviting people to reconsider not only what they do for a living, but how they wish to live.
[302]	Solving conflicts in shared living spaces	Living with others often brings to light unexpected differences in lifestyle, habits, and expectations. From disagreements over cleaning duties to disputes about noise levels or how communal expenses are managed, shared living spaces are fertile grounds for conflict. Resolving these issues amicably requires advanced social skills, including perspective-taking, negotiation, and sometimes compromise. When emotions run high, articulating grievances without resorting to accusations or sarcasm is critical. House meetings or written agreements about shared responsibilities can provide a clear framework and prevent misunderstandings from escalating. The process of conflict resolution also reveals much about one's communication style and tolerance for ambiguity. Some people are naturally confrontational, while others prefer to avoid direct discussions, leading to passive-aggressive behavior or simmering resentment. Navigating such a dynamic fosters emotional intelligence and self-awareness. Moreover, living in a diverse household can uncover latent prejudices or cultural differences, challenging residents to adapt their behavior and reconsider their assumptions. Ultimately, successfully solving conflicts not only improves daily life but also prepares individuals to face interpersonal challenges in broader social and professional settings.
[303]	Talking about future dreams	Often, the most cherished conversations between friends revolve around future dreams—personal ambitions, travel plans, or wild ideas that seem just out of reach. Sharing these thoughts builds a foundation of trust and mutual encouragement. When friends talk about their aspirations, they create a space brimming with positivity and hope. Even if the dreams are distant or improbable, voicing them makes them feel more tangible. Friends might offer advice, brainstorm creative solutions to imagined obstacles, or simply listen without judgment, which can be deeply comforting. Discussing ambitions together also reveals new layers of friendship, as friends gain insights into each other’s values and motivations. Over time, revisiting these dreams and noticing which ones materialize can be rewarding. Such conversations motivate both parties to take steps toward their goals, knowing they have someone cheering them on. For language learners, speaking about hopes and dreams is not just inspiring—it also provides valuable practice in expressing future tenses, exploring nuanced vocabulary, and articulating the “why” behind personal aims.
[304]	The Donner Party	In the early 1800s, families in the United States started a westward expansion, moving from eastern and midwestern states to California for the promise of a better life, inexpensive land and prosperity on the frontier. In this regard, the Donners were no different. Determined to enjoy a new life in California, these emigrants set out from their home in Missouri for a long and arduous trek that was slated to take two months, landing the party in California in late-July. Typically, emigrants set out in late April so that there was enough grass to feed the oxen that pulled their wagons. For some reason, the Donner party did not set out until late May, causing them to fall behind schedule. Along the route, the party endured several more delays. The final disastrous decision to follow an untested route called the Hastings Cutoff---pushed by a dishonest salesman---, Lansford Hastings, caused them to veer off course into impassable terrain. They were forced to cut trees and make a grueling trek across the salt desert. As a result, they Donner party lost nearly two months of time. They reached the Sierra Nevada mountains in November of 1846, and an early snowstorm stranded them in the mountains for the entire winter. Having run out of food and supplies, many of the Donner party perished in the Truckee Lake valley, just a few hundred miles short of their destination.
[305]	Unwrapping the psychology behind Black Friday	Black Friday, the notorious shopping day following Thanksgiving in the United States, is famous for its early morning crowds, doorbuster deals, and sometimes chaotic atmosphere. But what compels millions to brave the cold and the crowds in pursuit of sales? Psychologists point to a mix of factors, including deeply rooted social behaviors and clever marketing strategies. The sense of urgency created by time-limited deals taps into the human fear of missing out (FOMO), making buyers more likely to act impulsively. In addition, retailers meticulously plan the layout of stores, placing discounted high-demand items at the back to encourage shoppers to browse—and potentially purchase—more along the way. Participating in Black Friday has also become a ritual for some, adding an element of anticipation and excitement to the holiday weekend. For certain families and friends, shopping together on this day is as tradition-laden as the Thanksgiving meal itself. The experience fulfills emotional as well as practical needs, creating a sense of accomplishment and pleasure in finding a coveted bargain. However, there’s growing awareness about the psychological pressure and stress Black Friday can cause, leading some to opt for online deals or avoid the shopping frenzy altogether. The day remains a fascinating case study in consumer behavior, where celebration, competition, and commerce intersect.
[306]	Weather	Weather, or the state of atmospheric conditions during a given period of time, directly impacts individuals' moods, the activities that can be enjoyed outdoors, and more. Sunny weather is, as most would guess, characterized by sunlight. Sunny days can be encountered during each of the four seasons, but are most commonly seen during summer and least commonly seen during spring (which is known for its "showers," or rainfall). Cloudy weather is that which features an overcast sky, or a cloud-populated, sun-absent, grey-colored atmosphere. Cloudy weather can occur during all four seasons, but as it often precedes rain, it's most common during spring. Rainy weather is simply weather wherein rainfall is encountered. Rain can fall during each of the four seasons, but is most common during spring and least common during winter (because temperatures are so low that precipitation will likely turn to snow or sleet before reaching the ground). Snowy weather occurs almost exclusively during winter, late fall, and early spring, and is that which features snow, or white, fluffy, frozen water drifting downward from the sky. Snow can fall to the earth gently, or can touch down in the form of a snowstorm or blizzard, or powerful, windy, potentially dangerous snowfall episodes. Ice is a slippery, potentially dangerous substance, and is formed by water that quickly freezes when exposed to temperatures colder than 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Hail is a substance that falls from the sky in a state somewhere between snow and ice, meaning that it froze quickly enough to skip the snow stage, but not quickly enough to become full-blown ice. Hail is seen almost exclusively during winter (although it can accompany spring rainfall). Fog is a visible-but-untouchable vapor that limits visibility and can result from a variety of factors, including moisture, temperature, elevation, and more. A rainbow is a colorful collection of gases that forms in the sky, usually when rain falls while the sun is still shining. This somewhat rare occurrence is generally regarded as beautiful.
[307]	When a sibling becomes a close friend	Growing up, sibling relationships can be defined by rivalry, competition, or even indifference, but over time, these connections often evolve into genuine friendships. As you both mature and share more experiences, common interests may develop, and mutual respect usually replaces earlier squabbles. Having a sibling as a close friend means you share a foundation of understanding—inside jokes, family history, and a nonjudgmental space to be yourself. Often, siblings who become friends turn into each other’s greatest supporters through life’s ups and downs. This shift doesn’t always happen organically; it can require effort and an openness to see each other in new ways. Setting aside preconceptions based on childhood roles, communicating honestly as adults, and making time to nurture your relationship can make all the difference. Strong sibling friendships not only enrich family life but also offer a unique form of companionship—one that combines the loyalty of family with the comfort of chosen friends.
[308]	Why gratitude is central to Thanksgiving	At its core, Thanksgiving is built upon the concept of gratitude—a purposeful moment to pause and appreciate life’s blessings. The original Thanksgiving gatherings were deeply connected to thankfulness for the harvest and survival under difficult conditions. European settlers and Native Americans came together at a time when cooperation and mutual support were essential. Although the story as commonly told tends to gloss over complex historical realities, the tradition of expressing gratitude has endured. It extends beyond acknowledging material abundance; it is also about valuing relationships, community support, and opportunities for growth. Today, gratitude remains at the heart of most Thanksgiving celebrations. Families and friends gather not just for food, but for reflection, often sharing what they are thankful for before the meal begins. Psychologically, this ritual fosters connection and well-being, reinforcing positive emotions and a sense of belonging. Many people also express their gratitude through acts of charity, providing meals for the less fortunate or engaging in other forms of service. For language learners, understanding this emphasis on gratitude illuminates how holidays can serve as rituals that reinforce core values while encouraging deeper interpersonal connections.